Effect of Probiotic (VSL#3) and Omega-3 on Lipid Profile, Insulin Sensitivity, Inflammatory Markers, and Gut Colonization in Overweight Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Table 1
Lipids, inflammatory markers, and insulin sensitivity after treatment.
Placebo
Probiotic
Omega-3
Probiotic + omega-3
Pretreatment
Posttreatment
Pretreatment
Posttreatment
Pretreatment
Posttreatment
Pretreatment
Posttreatment
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)
89.30 ± 3.3
91.92 ± 3.18*a
88 ± 1.01
79.38 ± 1.05*b
87.60 ± 1.4
83.93 ± 1.23*c
86.70 ± 2.15
74.46 ± 1.188*cd
Cholesterol (mg/dL)
197.80 ± 13.92
197.91 ± 13.93a
165.10 ± 5.76
156.06 ± 5.85*a
165.50 ± 9.73
161.06 ± 9.74*a
215.10 ± 7.86
204.46 ± 7.73*a
Triglyceride (mg/dL)
128 ± 2.26
128.85 ± 27.7a
140.70 ± 17.6
133.13 ± 17.39*ab
105.90 ± 6.53
102.62 ± 6.44*a
150.00 ± 8.49
138.74 ± 8.35*b
LDL (mg/dL)
136.30 ± 14.19
136.67 ± 14.2a
102.80 ± 4.91
94.50 ± 4.31b
106.10 ± 10.1
99.87 ± 10.08*b
150.30 ± 8.41
134.58 ± 7.93*a
HDL (mg/dL)
35.90 ± 2.85
35.46 ± 2.85a
29.60 ± 1.12
34.93 ± 1.08*a
38.20 ± 1.65
40.66 ± 1.62*b
34.80 ± 2.23
42.13 ± 1.89*b
VLDL (mg/dL)
25.60 ± 5.45
25.77 ± 5.54a
32.60 ± 4.38
26.62 ± 3.47a
21.10 ± 1.3
20.51 ± 1.28*a
30.00 ± 1.69
27.74 ± 1.67*a
Atherogenic factor
196.80 ± 13.92
196.91 ± 13.93a
164.10 ± 5.76
155.75 ± 5.8a
164.50 ± 9.73
160.06 ± 9.74*a
214.10 ± 7.86
203.46 ± 7.73*a
Insulin level (U/mL)
17.90 ± 0.52
18.26 ± 0.43a
18.40 ± 0.27
17.59 ± 0.28*b
18.50 ± 0.23
17.84 ± 0.22*a
18.00 ± 0.3
16.75 ± 0.25*b
Insulin resistance
3.90 ± 0.1
4.11 ± 0.12*a
4.00 ± 0.03
3.44 ± 0.04*b
4.00 ± 0.08
3.69 ± 0.07*c
3.80 ± 0.08
3.07 ± 0.04*d
CRP (mg/L)
5.30 ± 0.58
5.35 ± 0.58*a
5.60 ± 0.52
4.36 ± 0.49*a
5.60 ± 0.74
5.26 ± 0.72*a
6.20 ± 0.41
4.22 ± 0.41*a
Values are mean ± SEM.
*Superscript indicates a significant difference between baseline and after treatment.
*<0.05 significantly different from the pretreatment level.
a,b,c,dSuperscript indicates significant <0.05 difference in relative changes versus baseline compared between supplemented and placebo group.
