Differential Expression of Host Biomarkers in Saliva and Serum Samples from Individuals with Suspected Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Table 2
Proportion of study participants with host markers above the minimum detectable concentration (MDC) and differences between saliva and serum.
Marker
MDC (pg/mL)
Saliva
Serum
value
% >MDC
Median (IQR)
% >MDC
Median (IQR)
(A) Host markers more abundantly expressed in saliva
IL-1
1.5
100.0
4618.9 (1956.3–10000.0)
21.0
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
<0.0001
IL-1
0.7
95.0
24.6 (12.23–54.7)
18.0
0.0 (0.0–0.2)
<0.0001
IL-2
0.4
97.0
6.5 (2.3–14.4)
32.0
0.0 (0.0–0.6)
<0.0001
IL-5
0.1
32.0
0.0 (0.0–1.1)
0.0
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
<0.0001
IL-7
1.0
45.0
0.0 (0.0–19.0)
16.0
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
<0.0001
IL-8
0.3
100.0
145.2 (78.6–237.3)
97.0
13.6 (6.2–27.7)
<0.0001
IL-10
0.3
39.5
0.0 (0.0–16.8)
2.6
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
<0.0001
IL-12p70
0.9
89.0
9.8 (3.7–16.9)
16.0
0.0 (0.0–0.3)
<0.0001
IL-13
0.3
92.0
20.7 (11.4–34.1)
0.0
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
<0.0001
IL-15
0.6
45.0
0.0 (0.0–8.4)
5.0
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
<0.0001
IL-17
0.4
97.0
13.0 (8.6–18.9)
16.0
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
<0.0001
IFN-
0.4
82.0
4.1 (0.6–10.4)
42.0
0.0 (0.0–5.0)
<0.0001
G-CSF
3.9
100.0
1348.0 (842.0–2263.2)
97.0
90.7 (45.3–114.4)
<0.0001
GM-CSF
2.3
100.0
100.5 (65.3–137.9)
8.0
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
<0.0001
TGF-
1.4
100.0
9.5 (6.7–16.6)
92.0
6.9 (3.2–20.8)
0.08
EGF
5.3
100.0
5717.0 (3991.9–7964.4)
97.0
98.6 (45.5–185.1)
<0.0001
VEGF
10.1
100.0
618.2 (457.3–802.6)
95.0
303.5 (145.7–493.2)
<0.0001
Fractalkine
7.6
97.0
451.8 (137.9–699.9)
10.0
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
<0.0001
MMP-9
1.0
100.0
164631.4 (105484.3–348292.9)
100.0
2673.0 (1795.9–3951.6)
<0.0001
(B) Markers more abundantly expressed in serum
sIL-2R
7.5
8.0
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
29.0
0.0 (0.0–10.4)
0.01
GRO
11.4
97.0
132.5 (74.1–204.0)
100.0
1209.1 (856.0–2099.6)
<0.0001
IP-10
1.3
100.0
102.6 (67.4–213.3)
100.0
408.0 (307.4–710.0)
<0.0001
MIP-1
3.2
100.0
12.0 (8.4–17.0)
100.0
47.7 (22.2–81.3)
<0.0001
MCP-1
1.2
100.0
124.5 (29.5–204.0)
100.0
473.4 (314.3–644.6)
<0.0001
CRP
0.0012*
71.0
88.2 (0.0–232.0)
100.0
27668.5 (9213.7–127253.2)
<0.0001
SAA
0.21*
50.0
119.5 (0.0–848.8)
97.0
11408.9 (2519.1–95050.4)
<0.0001
SAP
0.055*
21.0
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
100.0
46954.9 (37567.1–60894.8)
<0.0001
MMP-2
48
13.0
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
100.0
1148.8 (971.1–1333.0)
<0.0001
sCD40L
5.2
100.0
353.8 (166.9–779.2)
100.0
*705911 (307862–1039000)
<0.0001
(C) No difference in expression levels between serum and saliva
IL-4
0.6
0.0
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
0.0
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
—
IL-6
0.4
45.0
0.0 (0.0–37.3)
32.0
0.0 (0.0–11.5)
0.12
IL-9
1.1
15.8
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
5.3
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
0.14
TNF-
0.2
87.0
10.6 (6.9–20.6)
95.0
11.1 (6.5–13.0)
0.23
Median levels of biomarkers detected in saliva and serum samples from all study participants () and the proportion of participants in whom each marker was >MDC are shown. MDC values were obtained from the package insert of the kit used. *Marker levels are in pg/mL except for CRP, SAA, and SAP (ng/mL). IQR: inter-quartile range.
