| Source | Number of patients | Inclusion criteria | Antioxidant agent | Dose | Route | Endpoints | Followup | Events |
| Virtamo et al. [111] | 27271 | Male smokers | Vit E, beta-carotene | 50 mg, 20 mg | PO | Major coronary events (CV death, MI) | 6.1 y | CV events: Vit E 519, beta-carotene 547, Vit E + beta-carotene 511, and pl 534; CV death: Vit E 212, beta-carotene 235, Vit E + beta-carotene 222, and pl 238; non-fatal MI: Vit E 307, beta-carotene 312, Vit E + beta-carotene 289, and pl 296 |
| Rapola et al. [112] | 1862 | Previous MI | Vit E, beta-carotene | 50 mg, 20 mg | PO | Major coronary events (CV death, MI) | 5.3 y | CV events: Vit E 94, beta-carotene 113, Vit E + beta-carotene 123, and pl 94 |
| HATS [113] | 80 | CAD | Vit E/C, beta-carotene, and selenium | 800 IU, 1 g, 25 mg, and 100 g | PO | Composite endpoint (CV death, MI, and PTCA/CABG) | 38 m | CV events: antiox 9, pl 9; CV death: antiox 0, pl 1; nonfatal MI: antiox 1, pl 4 |
| PHS II [114] | 14641 | Male physicians | Vit E/C | 400 IU 500 mg | PO | Composite endpoint (CV death, MI, and stroke) | 8 y | CV events: Vit E 620, pl 625; Vit C 619, pl 626; CV death: Vit E 258, pl 251; Vit C 256, pl 253; MI: Vit E 240, pl 271; Vit C 260, pl 251 |
| WACS [115] | 8171 | High CV risk women | Vit E/C, beta-carotene | 600 IU q48 h, 500 mg, and 50 mg q48 h | PO | Composite endpoint (CV death, MI, PTCA/CABG, and stroke) | 9.4 y | CV events: Vit E 708, pl 742; Vit C 731, pl 719; beta-carotene 731, pl 719; CV death: Vit E 193, pl 202; Vit C 206, pl 189; beta-carotene 211, pl 184; MI: Vit E 131, pl 143; Vit C 140, pl 134; beta-carotene 135, pl 139 |
| PPP [116] | 4495 | Subjects ≥ 1 RF | Vit E | 300 mg | PO | Composite endpoint (CV death, MI, and stroke) | 3.6 y | CV events: Vit E 56, pl 53; CV death: Vit E 22, pl 26; MI: Vit E 22, pl 25 |
| GISSI-prevenzione [117] | 5660 | Recent MI | Vit E | 300 mg | PO | Composite endpoint (CV death, MI, and stroke) | 3.5 y | CV events: Vit E 371, pl 414; CV death: Vit E 155, pl 193; MI: Vit E 22, pl 25 |
| Greenberg et al. [118] | 1720 | Skin cancer | beta-carotene | 50 mg | PO | CV death | 4.3 y | CV death: beta-carotene 68, pl 59 |
| PHS [119] | 22071 | Male physicians | beta-carotene | 50 mg q48 | PO | Malignant neoplasm; composite endpoint (CV death, MI, and stroke) | 12 y | CV events: beta-carotene 967, pl 972; CV death: beta-carotene 338, pl 313; MI: beta-carotene 468, pl 489 |
| SUVIMAX [120] | 13017 | Adult subjects | Vit E/C, beta-carotene, selenium, and zinc | 30 mg, 120 mg, 6 mg, 100 g, and 20 mg | PO | CV ischemic events | 7.5 y | CV events: antiox 134, pl 137 |
| HPS [121] | 20536 | CAD, PAD, DM, and HTN | Vit E/C, beta-carotene | 600 mg, 250 mg, 20 mg | PO | Composite endpoint (CV death, and MI) | 5 y | CV death: antiox 878, pl 840; MI: antiox 1063, pl 1047; CV events: antiox 2306, pl 2312 |
| HOPE [122] | 9541 | CV disease or DM + additional CV RF | Vit E | 400 IU | PO | Composite endpoint (CV death, MI, and stroke) | 7 y | CV events: Vit E 1022, pl 985; CV death: Vit E 482, pl 475; MI: Vit E 724, pl 686 |
| Mark et al. [123] | 3318 | Esophageal dysplasia | Vit E/C, beta-carotene | 60 IU, 180 mg, and 15 mg | PO | CV death | 6 y | CV death: antiox 22, pl 35
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| CARET [124] | 1845 | Exposure to asbestos or smoke | Vit E/A | 15/30 mg, 25000 IU | PO | Lung cancer incidence | 5.5 y | CV death: HR 1.26 (0.99–1.61) |
| WAVE [125] | 213 | Postmenopausal women with CAD | Vit E/C | 400 IU, 500 mg | PO | Change in MLD | 2.8 y | CV events: antiox 10, pl 5; CV death: antiox 4, pl 2; nonfatal MI: antiox 3, pl 1 |
| HOPE [126] | 9541 | CV disease or DM + additional CV RF | Vit E | 400 IU | PO | Composite endpoint (CV death, MI, stroke) | 4.5 y | CV events: Vit E 772, pl 739; CV death: Vit E 342, pl 328; MI: Vit E 532, pl 524 |
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