Screening results of 488 pregnant women aged 15&#x2013;44 years whose blood samples had been tested on-site, using First Response&#xae; HIV 1/2, and confirmed with INNO-LIA&#x2122; HIV I/II Score were used. Of this total, 178 were reactive (HIV I, 154; HIV II, 2; and HIV I and HIV II, 22). Of the 154 HIV I-reactive samples, 104 were confirmed to be HIV I-positive and 2 were confirmed to be HIV II-positive, while 48 were confirmed to be negative [false positive rate = 17.44&#x25; (13.56&#x2013;21.32)]. The two HIV II samples submitted were confirmed to be negative with the confirmatory test. For the 22 HIV I and HIV II samples, 7 were confirmed to be HIV I-positive and 1 was confirmed to be HIV I- and HIV II-positive, while 14 were confirmed to be negative. Of the 310 nonreactive samples, 6 were confirmed to be HIV I-positive and 1 was confirmed to be HIV II-positive [false negative rate = 5.79&#x25; (1.63&#x2013;8.38)], while 303 were negative. False negative outcomes will remain unconfirmed, with no management options for the client. False negative rate of 5.79&#x25; requires attention, as its resultant implications on control of HIV/AIDS could be dire.

Ato Kwamena Tetteh

Edward Agyarko

Discordant HIV Test Results: Implications on Perinatal and Haemotransfusion Screening for HIV Infection, Cape Coast, Ghana

<i>Introduction.</i> Men who have transactional sex with men (MTSM) are known to be at higher risk for HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This study explored the risk factors associated with STI symptoms and HIV prevalence among men who have transactional sex with men in Nigeria.<i> Methods.</i> In 2014, a cross-sectional study, using respondent driven sampling technique, was carried out to recruit 3,172 MSM across eight states in Nigeria. Relevant information on sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behaviors, and self-reported symptoms of STI was obtained. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for STI symptoms and HIV.<i> Results.</i> 38.2&#x25; of the MSM were involved in transactional sex. Prevalence of self-reported STI symptoms was higher among MTSM than other MSM, while HIV prevalence was higher among other MSM than MTSM. Identified factors associated with STI symptoms and HIV among MSTM were being single, alcohol consumption, oral sex, and history of rape by a male partner.<i> Conclusion</i>. Sexually transmitted infections are a significant challenge to men who have transactional sex with men. Adolescents and single men are more at risk of these infections. Youth empowerment needs to be invested on to avoid increased risk among these groups of people.

Eniola A. Bamgboye

Titilope Badru

Afolabi Bamgboye

Transactional Sex between Men and Its Implications on HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Nigeria

<i>Background</i>. General practitioners (GPs) as a group have been identified as playing an important role in gonorrhoea management in Flanders. Belgian guidelines recommended ceftriaxone or alternatively spectinomycin from 2008 onwards and azithromycin combination therapy since 2012.<i> Objectives</i>. This study investigates to which extent contemporary gonorrhoea treatment guidelines were followed.<i> Methods</i>. A retrospective cohort study (2009&#x2013;2013) of antibiotic prescriptions for gonorrhoea cases registered in the Flemish Intego general practice database was carried out. The database is based on electronic health record routine registration by over 90 GPs using the software programme Medidoc.<i> Results</i>. Ninety-one gonorrhoea cases with ten chlamydia and one genital trichomonas coinfections in 90 patients were registered between 2009 and 2013. The proportion of cases with ceftriaxone and/or spectinomycin prescriptions rose from 13&#x25; (two of 15 cases) in 2009 to 56&#x25; (nine of 16 cases) in 2013. Combination therapy of ceftriaxone and/or spectinomycin together with azithromycin rose from 0 of 15 cases (0&#x25;) in 2009 to 7 of 16 cases (44&#x25;) in 2013.<i> Conclusion</i>. Although numbers are small, the results suggest that gonorrhoea therapy guideline adherence improved between 2009 and 2013.

Christoph Schweikardt

Geert Goderis

Steven Elli

Yves Coppieters

Prescription of Antibiotics to Treat Gonorrhoea in General Practice in Flanders 2009&#x2013;2013: A Registry-Based Retrospective Cohort Study

<i>Introduction</i>. HIV still causes high mortality despite use of ART. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of mortality among HIV patients receiving ART in northwestern rural Tanzania.<i> Methods</i>. A retrospective study of HIV patients on ART was done at Sengerema in Mwanza, Tanzania. The data on demography, date of HIV diagnosis, WHO stage, opportunistic infections, CD4, hemoglobin, ART regimen, and time and outcome on treatment as dead or alive were collected and analyzed using STATA version 11.<i> Results</i>. In total, 740 patients were studied. The median age was 35 (27–42) years with female predominance of 465 (62.8%). Of the participants, 261 (35.3%) had WHO stages 3 and 4 diseases. Most participants, 258 (34.9%), had baseline CD4 counts &lt;200 cells/<i>μ</i>l. Deaths occurred in 86 (11.6%) patients which were independently associated with male gender (16.0% versus 9.0%, <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M1" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 50.7895 11.7782" width="50.7895pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-113" d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="593" vert-adv-y="593" XplusCharwidth="7.709"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587" XplusCharwidth="18.973"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="28.845"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="228" vert-adv-y="228" XplusCharwidth="31.808999999999997"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="38.049"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="44.289"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="50.529"/></g></svg>), being divorced (OR = 2.7, <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M2" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 50.7895 11.7782" width="50.7895pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="593" vert-adv-y="593" XplusCharwidth="7.709"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><path id="g117-91" d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587" XplusCharwidth="18.973"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="28.845"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="228" vert-adv-y="228" XplusCharwidth="31.808999999999997"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="38.049"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="44.289"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="50.529"/></g></svg>), WHO stages 3 and 4 (OR = 2.3, <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M3" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 44.5261 11.7782" width="44.5261pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="593" vert-adv-y="593" XplusCharwidth="7.709"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587" XplusCharwidth="18.973"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="28.845"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="228" vert-adv-y="228" XplusCharwidth="31.808999999999997"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="38.049"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="44.289"/></g></svg>), CD4 &lt;200 cells/<i>μ</i>l (OR = 3.4, <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M4" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 50.7895 11.7782" width="50.7895pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="593" vert-adv-y="593" XplusCharwidth="7.709"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-91"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587" XplusCharwidth="18.973"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="28.845"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="228" vert-adv-y="228" XplusCharwidth="31.808999999999997"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="38.049"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="44.289"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="50.529"/></g></svg>), and severe anemia (OR = 6.6, <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M5" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 50.7895 11.7782" width="50.7895pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="593" vert-adv-y="593" XplusCharwidth="7.709"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-91"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587" XplusCharwidth="18.973"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="28.845"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="228" vert-adv-y="228" XplusCharwidth="31.808999999999997"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="38.049"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="44.289"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" XplusCharwidth="50.529"/></g></svg>).<i> Conclusions</i>. The mortality is high among HIV patients receiving ART in northwestern rural Tanzania. Universal testing could increase early diagnosis and treatment. A close follow-up of at-risk patients within the first year of ART could reduce the mortality of this subgroup of patients.

Daniel Wilfred Gunda

Igembe Nkandala

Semvua Bukheti Kilonzo

Boniface Bartholomew Kilangi

Bonaventura Cornel Mpondo

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Mortality among Adult HIV Patients Initiating ART in Rural Setting of HIV Care and Treatment Services in North Western Tanzania: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Sexually transmitted infection (STI) affects the reproductive health of both men and women worldwide. Condoms are important part of the available preventive strategies for STI control. The lack of proper risk-perception continues to impede women’s ability to negotiate condom use with their partners. This paper is the outcome of secondary analysis of data collected in a cross-sectional survey that explored the perception of risk of STI and its influence on condom use among 504 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at two health facilities in the Kintampo North Municipality. Consecutively, three Focus Group Discussions were conducted among 22 pregnant women which was analyzed using thematic analysis technique. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify possible predictors of condom use and risk of STI. Respondents mean age was <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M1" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 50.8374 8.69875" width="50.8374pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><path id="g113-55" d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.59,0)"><path id="g117-37" d="M535 290V340H323V533H265V340H52V290H265V84H323V290H535ZM535 -22V28H52V-22H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.126,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.366,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.33,0)"><path id="g113-58" d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z"/></g></svg> years. 47% of respondents self-identified themselves as high risk for contracting STI, 50% of whom were married. High risk status (OR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.1–4.4), ability to ask for condoms during sex (OR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1–0.73), and partner’s approval of condom use (OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.01–0.05) were independent predictors of condom use. Condom use (OR 2.9 (1.5–5.7); <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M2" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 50.7895 11.7782" width="50.7895pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-113" d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g></svg>) and marital status (engaged, OR 2.6 (1.5–4.5); <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M3" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 50.7895 11.7782" width="50.7895pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g></svg>) were independent predictors of risk of STI. Women who self-identified themselves as high risk for STI successfully negotiated condom use with their partners. This is however influenced by partner’s approval and ability to convince partner to use condoms. Self-assessment of STI risk by women and the cooperation of male partners remain critical. 

Martha Ali Abdulai

Frank Baiden

Samuel Afari-Asiedu

Lawrence Gyabaa-Febir

Kwame Kesse Adjei

Emmanuel Mahama

Charlotte Tawiah-Agyemang

Sam K. Newton

Kwaku Poku Asante

Seth Owusu-Agyei

The Risk of Sexually Transmitted Infection and Its Influence on Condom Use among Pregnant Women in the Kintampo North Municipality of Ghana

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Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases