Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue: Novel Regulation by Developmental Signaling

Figure 3

Summary of regulation mechanisms for PTEN critical for its action in developmental biology. PTEN transcription is regulated by TGFβ, BMP, Hh, NOTCH, and cytokine signaling in cells during development. miRNAs and ceRNAs regulate PTEN message stability. Phosphorylation or acetylation by then can regulate PTEN’s protein stability, enzymatic activity, and cellular localization in a positive or negative manner. All told, the regulation of PTEN is complex and precise during development, and perturbations in this paradigm have profound effects.