Signaling Pathways Involved in Renal Oxidative Injury: Role of the Vasoactive Peptides and the Renal Dopaminergic System

Figure 1

Metabolism and major functions of angiotensin peptides. Angiotensin-(1–7) is metabolized by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to form Ang-(1–5). Angiotensin II (Ang II) is catabolized by aminopeptidase A (APA) to form angiotensin III, which is further hydrolyzed by aminopeptidase N (APN) to form angiotensin IV. Also, Ang II can be directly cleaved by dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DAP) to produce Ang IV. Ang-(1–7) binds to Mas receptor to exert anti-inflammatory effects. With author’s permission (S. L. Della Penna).