Research Article

Validity and Reliability of Elbow Range of Motion Measurements Using Digital Photographs, Movies, and a Goniometry Smartphone Application

Table 3

Intraobserver reliability (ICC) and mean difference (∆) and 95% CI of UG, photography, and movie and smartphone application measurements.

UGPhotographyMovieSmartphone  
application

FlexionICC (95% CI)   
∆ (95% CI) (°)
0.50 (0.31-0.67)   
3 (2.1 to 3.9)
0.87 (0.81-0.92)   
1 (0.7 to 1.3)
0.94(0.89-0.97)   
1 (0.7 to 1.3)
0.60 (0.36-0.76)   
4 (3.4 to 4.6)

ExtensionICC (95% CI)   
∆ (95% CI) (°)
0.84 (0.75-0.91)   
2 (1.7 to 2.3)
0.82 (0.73-0.88)   
1 (0.7 to 1.3)
0.96(0.93-0.98)   
1 (0.7 to 1.3)
0.45 (0.16-0.66)   
3 (2.4 to 3.6)

PronationICC (95% CI)   
∆ (95% CI) (°)
0.71 (0.57-0.81)   
3 (2.4 to 3.6)
0.72 (0.59-0.81)   
3 (2.1 to 3.9)
0.94(0.98-0.97)   
2 (1.7 to 2.3)
0.58 (0.33-0.75)   
6 (3.2 to 8.8)

SupinationICC (95% CI)   
∆ (95% CI) (°)
0.47 (0.28-0.65)   
4 (2.1 to 5.9)
0.71 (0.57-0.81)   
3 (2.4 to 3.6)
0.95(0.92-0.98)   
2 (1.7 to 2.3)
0.31 (0.02-0.56)   
5 (3.1 to 6.9)