Research Article

Validity and Reliability of Elbow Range of Motion Measurements Using Digital Photographs, Movies, and a Goniometry Smartphone Application

Table 1

Validity of different measurement methods compared to UG measurements (ICC) and mean difference (∆) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) (in degrees).

UG vs.PhotographyMovieSmartphone application

FlexionICC (95% CI)  
∆ (95% CI) (°)
0.71 (0.51-0.83)  
0 (-1.9 to 1.9)
0.63 (0.41-0.79)  
0 (-1.9 to 1.9)
0.57 (0.32-0.75)  
0 (-2.2 to 2.2)

ExtensionICC (95% CI)  
∆ (95% CI) (°)
0.76 (0.58-0.87)  
1 (-0.2 to 2.2)
0.78 (0.63-0.88)  
0 (-1.2 to 1.2)
0.28 (-0.05-0.55)  
5 (3.8 to 6.2)

PronationICC (95% CI)  
∆ (95% CI) (°)
0.44 (0.15-0.66)  
4 (1.5 to 6.5)
0.45 (0.17-0.67)  
2 (-0.5 to 4.5)
0.67 (0.47-0.82)  
1 (-0.5 to 2.5)

SupinationICC (95% CI)  
∆ (95% CI) (°)
0.50 (0.23-0.70)  
2 (-0.8 to 4.8)
0.47 (0.18-0.68)  
1 (-2.4 to 4.4)
0.61 (0.37-0.77)  
1 (-1.5 to 3.5)