|
| Localization algorithms | Selection methodology | Advantages | Drawbacks/issues |
|
| CL [41] | Use a control sink. | Locate nodes at both condition: postprocessing or at the end. | Required centralized center. |
| HL [42] | Apply hydrophones/TDoA. | Adopt standard oceanographic localization issues. | Range is limited. |
| MAS [45] | Range estimates. | Provide precise localization. | No error estimation is performed. |
| 3D-MASL [46] | Use DET (broadcasting). | Limited energy consumption. | Transmission rate is variable. |
| ALS [46] | Central sink/RSS. | Reduce energy consumption. | Unable to estimate the exact location. |
| CL [51] | Automatic localization. | Reduce localization errors. | Valid only for limited nodes. |
| AAL [53] | ToA/AUV. | Time-synchronized. | Invest more energy. |
| SL [57] | TDoA. | Required no time synchronization. | Channel modeling error is not estimated. |
| DNR [58] | GPS/acoustic. | Reduce communication cost. | Do not consider the sensor mobility. |
| LDB [59] | AUV/3D deployment. | Localization error estimation. | Unable for 3D-free drifting UASN. |
| UPS/TPS [61] | TDoA/extension of TWSN. | Use for oil, gas, and sea exploration. | Applicable only for outdoor WSN/not for ToA. |
| WPS [62] | Based on the premise of synchronized clock. | Low energy consumption and low localization latency. | Work only in a finite region. |
| USP [63] | Use hydrophone stations and GPS nodes. | Work in both 2D and 3D environments. | Nodes reside in the overlapping area while mapping from 2D to 3D. |
| AFLA [67] | AUV/nodes with a particular device. | No need of anchor nodes. | Only depend on the neighbor nodes, no communication with anchors. |
| SBRAL [68] | Surface water communication links. | No need for LoS/ToA. | Link quality is not convenient. |
| SLMP [36] | Surface buoys and anchor nodes. | Reduce communication cost. | Not suitable for dynamic environment. |
| ToA [70] | Acoustic/targets must be synchronized. | Most frequently used for UASN. | Time synchronization is required. |
| TDoA [70] | Known transmission time. | Do not depend on the transmission time of source. | High cost and energy consumption. |
| AoA [70] | Based on the arrival angles. | All unknown nodes can detect incident signal angles. | Ultrasound receiver increases the cost. |
| RSSI [70] | Depend on the strength of received signal and path loss impact. | Applicable in asynchronous scenarios. | Loss caused by multipath fading. |
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