Review Article
A Review of Underwater Localization Techniques, Algorithms, and Challenges
Table 1
Comparison table of electromagnetic, acoustic, and optical waves in underwater environment.
| | Electromagnetic waves | Acoustic waves | Optical waves |
| Frequency band | ∼kHz | ∼MHz | ∼1014-1015 Hz | Bandwidth | ∼kHz | ∼MHz | ∼10-150 MHz | Power loss | >0.1 dB/m/Hz | ∼28 dB/1 km/100 MHz | ∝ turbidity | Effective range | ∼1 m | ∼10 m | ∼10-100 m | Nominal speed (m/s) | ∼1,500 | ∼33,333,333 | ∼33,333,333 | Antenna size | ∼0.1 m | ∼0.5 m | ∼0.1 m |
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