| | Reference | Taxonomy | Comparison parameters | Years |
| | [18] | APIT, DV-hop, multihop, centroid, gradient | Node density, cost, accuracy, overhead, scalability | 2015 | | [27] | Types of sensors, types of mobility, measurement errors | Location accuracy, deployment cost, location context, quality and cost of smartphone, and measurement errors | 2015 | | [28] | Static landmark and static node, mobile landmark and static node, static landmark and mobile node, mobile landmark and mobile node | Localization accuracy, coverage, time, landmark density, node density, energy consumption | 2013 | | [29] | Static (range-free, range-based), mobile (robotic, MCL, range-based) | (Centralized, distributed), dimensional analysis, simulator, (range-free, range-based), scalability, communication radius | 2013 | | [30] | (range-based, range-free), (anchor-based, anchor-free), (distributed, centralized) | accuracy, hardware cost, computation cost, and communication cost | 2012 | | [31] | Geometrical techniques, multidimensional scaling, stochastic proximity embedding convex, and nonconvex optimization and hybrid | Accuracy, coverage, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost | 2012 | | [32] | Proximity-based localization, one-hop localization and multihop localization | Without comprehensive comparison | 2012 | | [33] | Target/source localization and node self-localization | Non-line-of-sight, energy-constrained network, tradeoff between localization performance and energy consumption, cooperative node localization, and localization in heterogeneous network | 2012 | | [16] | Beacon-based distributed localization, relaxation-based distributed localization, the Coordinate system stitching-based localization, and hybrid localization | Objective (centralized, distrusted), description, accuracy, computation cost | 2010 | | Proposed | Range-based, range-free, and hybrid. Range-free (localization accuracy, communication cost, and computation cost) | Velocity, anchor and normal node density, degree of irregularity, size of sample area, number of messages, and message size | 2016 |
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