A Review of Ethnomedicinal Plants as Potential Anthelmintic Agents to Alternatively Control Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Ruminants in South Africa

Table 2

Characteristics of different gastrointestinal nematodes that infect ruminants.

Scientific (common) name	Morphology	Prepatent period	Signs	Source
Haemonchus contortus (barber-pole)	Length, 10-30 mm; white uteri and ovaries; barber-pole look	18-22 d	Acute anemia, intense blood loss, bottle jaw, stool, pale gums, and inner eyelids.	[12]
Nematodirus spp. (thread-necked strongyle)	Length, 10-30 mm; thin exterior; swollen head	15-28 d	Inappetence, stool, weight, and wool loss.	[12]
Trichostrongylus spp. (bankrupt worm/stomach hairworm)	No filament	20-25 d	Weight loss, reduced growth rate, inflammations, stool, and inappetence	[12]
Cooperia spp. (small intestine worm)	Length; 4-6 mm; brownish-red	15-20 d	Inappetence, stool, and weight loss.	[12]
Oesophagostomum spp. (nodular worm)	Length, 20 mm; thin front	6-7 d	Stool, swelling large intestinal wall, and mucus-covered feces.	[12]
Trichuris spp. (whipworm)	Length, 35-80 mm; thin neck; thick hind end; curved tail	1-3 months	Caecal wall swelling and stool.	[12]