Assemblages and Subassemblages of Giardia duodenalis in Rural Western, Kenya: Association with Sources, Signs, and Symptoms
Table 1
Associations of G. duodenalis assemblages and subassemblages with risk and clinical factors.
Characteristic
Giardia assemblage and subassemblages
Total cases
OR
95% CI
No, (%)
Yes, (%)
Assemblage
A,
Stomach upset
29 (41.4)
11 (61.1)
40
0.030
1.158
1.031-4.798
0.026
Previous giardiasis treatment
18 (25.7)
9 (50.0)
27
0.045
1.309
1.093-7.011
0.046
Cattle
18 (25.7)
10 (55.6)
28
0.044
1.334
1.156-6.691
0.045
B,
Age, <18 years
3 (9.4)
24 (42.9)
27
0.026
1.416
1.174-5.954
0.029
History of eating outdoor
11 (34.4)
37 (66.1)
48
0.043
1.568
1.914-6.634
0.044
Steatorrhea
1 (3.1)
8 (14.3)
9
0.028
3.022
1.580-8.472
0.030
Vomiting
9 (28.1)
29 (51.8)
38
0.023
2.680
1.220-8.652
0.025
Cattle
6 (18.8)
21 (37.5)
27
0.034
1.795
1.677-4.756
0.036
Goat
3 (9.4)
9 (16.1)
12
0.029
1.538
1.777-8.671
0.030
Poultry
15 (46.9)
31 (55.4)
46
0.042
1.778
1.256-7.360
0.045
Subassemblage
AI,
Cattle
42 (50.6)
3 (60.0)
45
0.034
1.793
1.069-9.145
0.043
AII,
Previous giardiasis treatment
23 (28.4)
3 (42.8)
26
0.036
1.319
1.050-6.046
0.038
BIII,
Cattle
12 (19.7)
9 (33.3)
21
0.025
2.364
1.726-7.696
0.033
Poultry
15 (24.6)
10 (37.0)
25
0.031
1.528
1.161-8.790
0.032
BIV,
Steatorrhea
5 (6.8)
10 (66.7)
15
0.037
1.510
1.058-8.444
0.042
Results are number () and proportion (%) of patients. OR: odds ratio; 95% confidence interval: CI. The total assemblages and subassemblages from both genes (glutamate dehydrogenase and triose-phosphate isomerase) were used in determining the association. : Fisher’s exact tests; : logistic regression analysis. OR indicate the odds of presence of positive association while indicate the odds of absence of giardiasis (negative association). Significant p values are in bold.
