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Principle | Model | Induction | Immunological features | Reference |
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Cartilage complex autoimmunity | Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) | Immunization with homologous or heterologous type II collagen | (i) Increases in anticollagen AB (ii) Increases in complement, neutrophils, macrophages, B cells, and α/β TCR+/CD4+ T cells (iii) Increases in TNFα, TGFβ 2, IL-1, IL-6, IL-17 and IFNγ, and IL-12 (later phases) | [10–13] |
Proteoglycan-induced arthritis | IP injections in FCA at 0 and 1 weeks; IP injections in FIA at week 4 and 7 | (i) Increases in CD4+ T cells and Th1-type cytokines, particularly IFNγ | [14] |
K/BxN serum transfer | IP injection of serum from KRNxNOD strain | (i) Increases in GPI antibodies, mast cells, neutrophils, TNFα, and IL-1 | [15] |
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Infection | Mycoplasma infection | IV injection with M. arthriticus | (i) Increases in Th1 in susceptible mice Increases in Th2 in arthritis-resistant mice (ii) Suppression of T-lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 Increases in IL-4 and IL-6 | [16, 17] |
Staphylococcus infection | IV injection with S. aureus | (i) Increases in TNFα, TNFβ, IL-1β, and IL-12 | [18] |
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Bacterial fragment induced | Streptococcal cell wall (SCW) | IP/IA injection of SCW | (i) Increases in TNFα, TNFβ, IL-1, IL-6, IFNβ, and IFNγ (ii) Increases in CD4+ T cells in chronic, not acute arthritis | [19–21] |
Mycobacterium in FCA | IA injection | (i) Increases in circulating neutrophils, TNFα, IL-12p40, and IL-17 | [22, 23] |
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Adjuvantinduced | Avridine | SC injection | (i) Activated macrophages, CD4+ T cells | [24] |
Pristane | SC (rats) or IP (mice) injection + booster 7 weeks later | (ii) Increases in TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 | [25] |
Oil induced FIA | SC injection | (iii) Increases in macrophages, neutrophils, CD4+ T cells, B cells, TNFα, and IL-6 | [24] |
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Genetic manipulation | TNFα | TNF transgenic strain; spontaneous | (i) Increases in TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β | [21] |
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