Protein Based Nanostructures for Drug Delivery

Table 2

Compiled research investigations for numerous active loaded Protein Nanoparticles.

Proteins	Biological source	Properties and functions	Reference number
Albumin	Egg white (ovalbumin), bovine serum albumin and human serum albumin (HSA)	Albumin is a water soluble protein, nontoxic, biodegradable, easy to prepare, nonimmunogenic, easily attachable to covalent linkage.; Prepared as nanospheres and nanocapsules.	[17–19]
Gelatin	Controlled hydrolysis of fibrous, insoluble protein and collagen which is obtained from the skin, bones and connective tissues.	Easy to crosslink, easily sterilized, inexpensive in nature, no contamination with pyrogens.; Gelatin type A has ph 7–9 while gelatin type B has ph 4-5.; Prepared as microspheres and nanoparticles.	[20]
Gliadin and legumin	Gliadin is a gluten protein extracted from wheat.; Legumin also contains proteins in the pea seeds (Pisum sativum).	Biocompatibility, biodegradability, natural occurrence, nontoxic and stability, hydrophobic nature, and solubility.; Gliadin is suitable polymer for the oral and topical drug delivery system. Used for the preparation of mucoadhesive formulation because it has capability to adhere on the mucus membrane.	[21, 22]
Elastin	Connective tissue	To maintain elasticity and tensile strength of the tissues.; α -elastin which undergo aggregation of conc. and temp. Called as cloud point, when raised form complex.; Polypeptide elastin is repetitive peptide polymers sequences, these derived from tropoelastin.	[23]
Zein	It consists of rich prolamine protein that contains hydrophobic amino acids, proline, and glutamine.	Nontoxic, stable, and biodegradable.; Nanoparticles formed from zein proteins have been prepared to encapsulate several drugs and bioactive compounds including coumarin, 5-fluorouracil.; Also used in highly used for films and coating.	[24–26]
Soybean (glycine max)	Obtained from plant sources in enriched from of soy protein.	The important component for soy protein isolate is glycinin and β conglycinin.; Upon addition of cross linking agent’s soy protein isolate form aggregate and at certain temperature microspheres, hydro gels and polymer blends were formed conglycinin.	[27, 28]
Milk Protein	Obtained from milk resources	There are two types of milk protein used in drug delivery application which are β-lacto globulin (BLG) and casein.; The BLG consists of two disulphide bonds and one free thiol group. BLG has good gelling ability which was used as drug delivery application.; Casein exist as micelles size of ranges of 100–200 nm, it used to transport the calcium and amino acid.; Micelles of calcium have no fixed structure why the changes like temperature, pH, ionic strength, and water activity occur.; Casein can withstand with heat and mechanical forces	[29]