Abstract
The study was aimed at developing a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of Ibuprofen for investigating its intestinal transport behavior using the single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) method in rat. Methods. Ibuprofen loaded SMEDDS (ISMEDDS) was developed and was characterized. The permeability behavior of Ibuprofen over three different concentrations (20, 30, and 40 µg/mL) was studied in each isolated region of rat intestine by SPIP method at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The human intestinal permeability was predicted using the Lawrence compartment absorption and transit (CAT) model since effective permeability coefficients () values for rat are highly correlated with those of human, and comparative intestinal permeability of Ibuprofen was carried out with plain drug suspension (PDS) and marketed formulation (MF). Results. The developed ISMEDDS was stable, emulsified upon mild agitation with 44.4 nm ± 2.13 and 98.86% ± 1.21 as globule size and drug content, respectively. Higher in colon with no significant difference in jejunum, duodenum, and ileum was observed. The estimated human absorption of Ibuprofen for the SMEDDS was higher than that for PDS and MF . Conclusion. Developed ISMEDDS would possibly be advantageous in terms of minimized side effect, increased bioavailability, and hence the patient compliance.
1. Introduction
In recent years, much attention has been focused on using emulsion drug delivery system for the purpose of improving the solubility and oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs [1–3]. SMEDDSs are defined as isotropic mixtures of natural or synthetic oils, solid or liquid surfactants, or, alternatively, one or more hydrophilic solvents and cosolvents/surfactants that have a unique ability of forming fine oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsions upon mild agitation followed by dilution in aqueous media, such as GI fluids [4]. SMEDDSs spread readily in the GI tract, and the digestive motility of the stomach and the intestine provide the agitation necessary for self-emulsification. SMEDDS is optically clear and thermodynamically stable system with a droplet size less than 100 nm. This system has been shown to improve absorption of drugs due to small droplet size and promotes intestinal lymphatic transport due to its specific components [5]. Ibuprofen (2-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl) propanoic acid) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for relief of symptoms of arthritis and fever. Ibuprofen is a poor water-soluble drug, and absorption in rats was shown to occur mainly from the intestine and to a lesser, though significant, extent from the stomach [6]. Since Intestinal permeability is necessary for oral administration, so in this study SMEDDS was developed to improve the solubility and oral absorption of Ibuprofen. Labrafil M 1944CS, Tween 80, and Transcutol P were used as oil phase, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. The intestinal permeability of Ibuprofen was determined using the single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) in rats since this method provides unique advantages of experimental control (e.g., compound concentration and intestinal perfusion rate), ability to study regional differences, an intact intestinal blood supply, and a functional intestinal barrier [7]. Intestinal permeability study of Ibuprofen through ISMEDDS using SPIP was a novel way to study the permeation behavior of Ibuprofen since it controls the experimental variables and also provides clear-cut idea of the permeation pattern in different regions of intestine.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
Ibuprofen was obtained as gift sample from Abbott India Ltd., Goa, India. Capmul MCM, Labrafac CC, Cremophor EL, Cremophor RH 40, Labrafil M 1944CS, and Transcutol P were kindly provided by Gattefosse, France. Isopropyl Myristate (IPM), Tween 60, PEG 600, PEG 400, ethanol, and glycerol were purchased from National Chemicals (Baroda, India). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade), ammonium acetate, methanol (HPLC grade), and sodium citrate were purchased from Suvidhinath Laboratories (Baroda, India). All other chemicals were reagent grade.
2.2. Animals
Male albino rats ( g) were used for the comparative in vivo studies. The animals were maintained at temperature (°C) and humidity (%) and were supplied with food and water ad libitum. All experiments conducted on animals were approved by the Animal Ethical Committee and animal ethical committee registration no. 984/a/06/CPCSEA.
2.3. Solubility Studies
Solubility of Ibuprofen in various oils (Oleic acid, Isopropyl Myristate, Soya bean oil, Labrafil M 1944CS, and Capmul CMC), surfactants (Labrafac CC, Tween 60, Cremophor EL, and Cremophor RH 40), and cosurfactants (PEG 400, PEG 600, glycerol, and ethanol) was determined. A total of 5 mL of each of the selected vehicle was added to each cap vial with excess amount of Ibuprofen. After sealing, the mixture was heated at °C in a water bath to facilitate the solubilization and then mixed using a vortex mixer. Mixtures were then shaken with orbital shaker at room temperature for 48 hrs. Then each vial was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 min, and insoluble as well as soluble Ibuprofen was quantified by UV-VIS Spectrophotometer [8].
2.4. Pseudoternary Phase Diagram Study
Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to obtain the appropriate components and their concentration ranges that result in large existence area of microemulsion. For convenience, the phase diagrams were constructed by drawing “water dilution lines” representing increasing water content and decreasing surfactant-cosurfactant levels. If turbidity appeared followed by a phase separation, the samples were considered to be biphasic. If clear and transparent mixtures were visualized after stirring, the samples were considered monophasic. The samples were marked as points in the phase diagram as shown in Figure 1. The area covered by these points was considered to be the microemulsion existence region. After performing the solubility study and phase diagram study, components were selected for microemulsion formulation. The effect of Ibuprofen in the phase diagrams was also investigated [9].
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2.5. Preparation of SMEDDS of Ibuprofen
ISMEDDS was prepared by emulsification method [10]. Ibuprofen was first dissolved in the premeasured volume of oil by stirring on a magnetic stirrer. A mixture of the surfactant and cosurfactant at a fixed ratio (v/v) was added to the above resulting mixture in order to develop SMEDDS. Emulsification time was also determined. The optimized ISMEDDS was also subjected for accelerated stability study.
2.6. Optical Clarity and Emulsification Time
Optical clarity of ISMEDDS was determined by the refractive index of the system and % transmittance. Refractive index was measured by an Abbe refractometer (Bausch and Lomb Optical Company, Rochester, NY, USA) by placing one drop of solution on the slide. Transparency of microemulsion formulation was determined by measuring percentage transmittance at 650 nm with purified water taken as blank through UV-VIS Spectrophotometer (UV-1601-220X, Shimadzu) [11]. 1 mL of the formulation was put into 100 mL of distilled water, and the dissolution time was measured as emulsification time.
2.7. Globule Size and Zeta Potential Measurement
Globule size and zeta potential of ISMEDDS were carried out by dynamic light scattering through Zetasizer 300 ZS-Nano, Malvern Instruments Corp., UK [12].
2.8. Single-Pass Intestinal Perfusion (SPIP) of the Rat Segments
Before the SPIP experiment, sufficient Krebs-Ringer’s buffer solution was added to adjust the formulations to a designed concentration. The intestinal permeability experiments of ISMEDDS with different concentrations of Ibuprofen were investigated and compared to both PDS and MA of equivalent drug concentration. Preliminary studies are necessary before commencing the SPIP studies to ensure that the loss of drug from perfusion is due to absorption and not by other losses, that is, the binding of the intestinal wall or degradation [13]. Approximately 10 cm from the rat intestine was clipped; intestinal sacs were turned over and put into 50 mL Krebs-Ringer’s buffer solution, in which Ibuprofen (20 μg/mL) was incubated at °C for 3 hrs. Chromatographic separation was achieved isocratically on a C18 column (Inertsil C18, 5 m, 150 mm × 4.6 mm) utilizing a mobile phase of acetonitrile/phosphate buffer/water (60 : 30 : 10, v/v, pH 7.0) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with UV detection at 264 nm. Samples of 40 μL were withdrawn at 3 hrs interval, diluted with mobile phase, and assayed by HPLC. SPIP studies were performed according to previously described methods [14–16]. After an overnight fast, male albino rats, weighing approximately gm, were anesthetized with 2 mg/kg i.m. injection of ketamine. Body temperature was maintained using a surgical lamp kept under the rat’s cage. The abdomen was opened with a midline incision; an intestinal segment of approximately 10 cm was chosen and separated. Intestinal segment was then rinsed with isotonic saline (37°C) until the outlet solution was clear. Using an infusion pump the intestinal segments were perfused at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min for 30 min with Krebs-Ringer’s buffer solution. Then the pump was connected to the reservoir containing Ibuprofen loaded SMEDDS with the phenol red (marker). When the buffer solution was completely pushed out, time was set as . Each perfusion experiment lasted for 3 hrs, and the perfusate was quantitatively collected in 60, 90, 120, 135, 150, 165, and 180 min. Samples were stored in a refrigerator at −20°C until analysis by HPLC.
2.9. HPLC Analysis of Samples
All samples were diluted to 5 mL with the mobile phase and measured by HPLC (Shimadzu, Japan) system consisting of membrane degasser, binary solvent delivery system, a pump, a rheodyne injector equipped with a 20 μL sample loop, and UV detector (Shimadzu, Japan) [17]. Aliquots of 20 μL were injected onto the HPLC system which was used to analyze Ibuprofen at 264 nm. Chromatographic separations were achieved using an Hypersil ODS C18 column (250 × 4.6 i.d. × 5 μm). The mobile phase used for the sample analysis was acetonitrile/phosphate buffer/water (60 : 30 : 10, v/v, pH 7.0) with the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Water absorption or secretion (flux) was measured by gravimetric method [18]. The net water flux (NWF) per cm of each segment was calculated using the following equation, and results were tabulated in Table 1: where CPRin and CPRout are inlet and outlet concentrations of phenol red, respectively, was the flow rate of the perfusion solution entering the intestinal segment, and was the length of the intestinal segment (cm).
NWF value will be negative, if intestinal lumen absorbs water, while NWF is positive if intestinal lumen secretes water; however, under normal condition, intestinal lumen absorbs water except when the high osmotic solution is administered [19]. The effective permeability () was calculated based on the inlet and outlet concentrations of Ibuprofen ( and , resp.), and result was shown in Figure 2. Steady state was considered to be achieved when the concentrations of phenol red and Ibuprofen were constant. The permeability values are calculated after steady state was achieved using the following equation [20]: where is the flow rate in mL/min, is radius of the intestine (0.18 cm in rat and 1.75 cm in man), is the length of the perfused intestinal segment (cm), and is the concentration ratio corrected for fluid flux. Using ANOVA, the statistical significances of the differences among group means were assessed with the least significant difference (LSD) test, and a value of was considered statistically significance.
3. Results
Labrafil M 1944CS was selected as the oil phase for formulation development because it provided higher solubility than other oils and oral compatibility. Tween 80 as surfactant and Transcutol P as cosurfactant were used on the basis of their drug solubilising capacity and might influence the tight junctions of the epithelial cells [21]. From the results of the pseudoternary phase diagram, 3 : 1 ratio of Tween 80 and Transcutol P was selected for microemulsion preparation since maximum microemulsion existing zone was observed as shown in Figure 1.
The optimal formulation of ISMEDDS was 4% Labrafil M 1944CS as oil, 21.5% Tween 80 as surfactant, and 7.5% Transcutol P as cosurfactant with globule size 44.4 nm ± 2.13 (PdI-0.266) as shown in Figure 2. PdI value was below 0.4 suggesting the monodisperse property of the formulation.
Zeta potential and drug content of the formulation were −9.19 mV ± 1.2 indicating the stability of the formulation and , respectively. Developed SMEDDS was spontaneously forming microemulsion upon mild agitation in simulated gastric fluid at room temperature. % transmittance and refractive index of the resulted formulation were found to be and indicating the transparency as well as the nanosizing of the formulation. Moreover developed formulation was stable for 6 months at ambient temperature.
3.1. Validation of HPLC Assay
The regression equation for the concentration of Ibuprofen (ng/mL) v/s response in the perfusion fluid ranging from 50 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL was ( = 0.9998). The mean recovery of Ibuprofen was %. The intraday and interday RSDs were less than 2%.
3.2. Water Absorption or Secretion of Intestinal Lumens
The NWF for all intestinal segments was of negative value as listed in Table 1, which suggested that the water was mainly absorbed in the intestine tract. The NWF for the duodenum was significantly higher than that for the jejunum, ileum, and colon (), and NWF for the jejunum, ileum, and colon was not significantly varied ().
3.3. SPIP Studies
The amount of Ibuprofen was % after incubated in intestinal sac with the Krebs-Ringer’s buffer for 3 hrs, which was not significantly decreased which suggested that neither Ibuprofen markedly bound to the intestinal wall nor the potential metabolites were formed. The intestinal permeability of Ibuprofen was studied as a function of concentration in each segment of the intestine, and 30 μg/mL concentration was chosen because of its limited aqueous solubility. Steady state is confirmed by plotting the concentration of Ibuprofen and phenol red versus time as shown in Figure 3.
Steady state, which was assessed by the constant concentrations of both phenol red and Ibuprofen, was reached about 50 min after the beginning of the perfusion. The permeability values were calculated only after steady state was achieved in the experiments. The permeability values of SMEDDS for each intestinal segment and concentrations are listed in Table 2. in the jejunum at 10 g/mL ( cm/s) was significantly higher than at 20 g/mL ( cm/s, ). There was no statistical difference in at three investigated concentrations in other segments (including duodenum, ileum, and colon). Comparisons across each segment revealed that at each concentration in colon was higher than all other segments (). Moreover, the permeability values in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were not statistically different ().
Permeability values of Ibuprofen in ISMEDDS, PDS, and MF for each segment at 10 μg/mL were shown in Figure 4. of ISMEDDS was significantly higher than PDS and MF in each segment (). Except for the duodenum (), of microemulsion drug delivery system and MF in the jejunum, ileum, and colon did not all reach statistical difference ().
4. Discussion
Characterization data and microemulsifying study in simulated gastric fluid revealed that the developed ISMEDDSs was of nanosize, stable and was forming microemulsion spontaneously. in the colon at each concentration was significantly higher than those in other segments of rat intestine as shown in Table 2. There are various reports showing the regional difference in the expression and activity of P-glycoprotein throughout the gastric intestinal tract. The order of the expression and activity of P-glycoprotein is ileum > duodenum and jejunum > proximal and distal colon. As a multidrug resistance-reversing agent, the intestinal absorption of Ibuprofen was limited due to the presence of the P-glycoprotein throughout the intestinal tract [22]. The lower expression activity of P-glycoprotein was conduced to be increasing the permeability of Ibuprofen in colon as compared to other sections (Table 2). It has been shown that there is a selectivity of permeation depending of the gut sections. Moreover, small intestine has more cationic selectivity, whereas the colon has more anionic selectivity [23]. Another possible mechanism for higher values in colon was due to the higher crypt surface area in the colonic mucosa compared with the small intestine which could account for its high paracellular permeability. The extent of drug absorption in human can be predicted from rat intestinal permeability experiments. Human intestinal permeability values may be estimated using the Lawrence compartmental absorption and transit (CAT) model [24]:
The estimated fractions of Ibuprofen absorbed for ISMEDDS, MF, and PDS were , and %, respectively. It suggested that the estimated oral absorption in human for microemulsion drug delivery systems would be higher than that for PDS and MF (). SMEED is known to improve the oral absorption of lipophilic drugs. The main mechanism reported includes increasing membrane fluidity, opening tight junction, inhibiting P-glycoprotein and/or CYP450 by surfactants, and stimulating lipoprotein/chylomicron production by lipid [25].
5. Conclusions
Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of Ibuprofen was a monodisperse stable system capable of forming microemulsion systems in simulated gastric fluid upon mild agitation which will provide sustained drug release in intestinal part. % assay was above 95% indicating the system’s suitability with drug. Ibuprofen loaded SMEDDS and its dilutions were stable. The in jejunum at 10 μg/mL was significantly higher than that at 20 μg/mL (). Compared to the jejunum, duodenum, and ileum, the higher in colon was observed at the same concentration. The estimated absorption of Ibuprofen in human for the microemulsion drug delivery system was higher than that for PDS and MF ().