Protective Effects of Tinospora crispa Stem Extract on Renal Damage and Hemolysis during Plasmodium berghei Infection in Mice

Figure 1

Renal damage and hemolysis induced by Plasmodium berghei infection. ICR mice (5 mice) were inoculated with 1 × 10⁷ parasitized erythrocytes of PbANKA by intraperitoneal injection. (a) Parasitemia, (b) BUN, (c) creatinine, and (d) hematocrit levels were daily monitored. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM. < 0.05, < 0.01, and < 0.001, compared to day 0 after infection.

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