Secondary Osteoporosis: Endocrine and Metabolic Causes of Bone Mass Deterioration

Table 1

Causes of secondary osteoporosis.

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Dietary

 Anorexia nervosa

 Excessive protein intake

 Excess vitamin A

 Inadequate vitamin D intake

 Smoking

 Excess alcohol intake

 Parenteral nutrition

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Lifestyle

 Low physical activity

 Prolonged immobilization

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Endocrine

 Adrenal insufficiency

 Cushing’s syndrome

 Diabetes mellitus

 Hyperthyroidism

 Hypogonadism

 Hypopituitarism

 Pregnancy

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Metabolic

 Malabsorption syndrome

 Chronic metabolic acidosis

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Systematic diseases

 End-stage renal disease

 Primary biliary cirrhosis

 Inflammatory bowel disease

 Cystic fibrosis

 Rheumatoid arthritis

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

 Mastocytosis

 Chronic inflammation

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Surgery/transplantation

 Bariatric surgery

 Organ transplantation

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Medications

 Corticosteroids

 Antiepileptics

 Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors

 Heparin

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