In an era of new therapeutic developments, predicting the incidence and the progression of retinal diseases, as well as their response to treatment, represents one of the main challenges in clinical research. As a result, the use of biomarkers as selection criteria and as surrogate endpoints in clinical trials has become crucial. However, the bottleneck is the validity of those markers in terms of availability, reproducibility, accuracy, and clinical relevance. Hence, multiple validation studies, enrolling large cohorts of patients are warranted.

Over the last two decades, the availability of optical coherence tomography (OCT) has dramatically transformed our knowledge, especially for retinal diseases. OCT uses infrared light (with high penetration properties) to measure different backscatters from biological tissues, yielding micrometre-resolution images. OCT angiography (OCTA) is another promising and rapidly evolving technology that allows visualising the flow within the retina in a depth-resolved fashion. The possibility of studying the retina in three dimensions, low dependence on the operator’s skills, the lack of need for intravenous dye, and the high-resolution of the resultant images are major advantages of these techniques. Both of these are now available in most clinical settings and routinely performed in clinical practice to assess patients with retinal disorders. For all these reasons, OCT and OCTA constitute ideal imaging techniques for the development and validation of new biomarkers for the diagnosis, assessment, and prognosis of retinal diseases.

In this Special Issue, we welcome original research or review articles related to the identification and/or validation of OCT and OCTA biomarkers in retinal diseases, ranging from age-related macular degeneration to retinal vascular diseases, uveitis, and inherited retinal dystrophies.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Optical coherence tomography
• Optical coherence tomography angiography
• Biomarkers
• Age-related macular degeneration
• Inherited Retinal dystrophies
• Retinal vascular diseases
• Uveitis