Congenital Malformations of the Eye: A Pictorial Review and Clinico-Radiological Correlations

Table 1

Proposed orbital MRI protocol and brain MRI protocol to detect associated brain malformations [17–19].

Orbit		Brain
Scanner and coils
(i) 1.5-T preferentially with one or two small surface coils (diameter <5 cm)		(i) 1.5-T or 3.0-T with 32- or 64-channel head coil
(ii) 3.0-T with 32- or 64-channel head coil
Sequences^+
Precontrast	Postcontrast	Precontrast	Postcontrast (optional)
(i) Axial^∧T2WI TSE FS ≤3 mm	(i) Axial^∧T1WI TSE FS or without FS; but with subtraction ≤3 mm	(i) Coronal T2WI TSE ≤4 mm	(i) 3D T1WI 1 mm
(ii) 3D high-resolution heavily T2WI; (SPACE/CISS/FIESTA-C/VISTA/; Cube) ≤0.6 mm	(ii) SagittalOblique° T1WI TSE FS or; without FS but with subtraction; (optional) ≤3 mm	(ii) Axial T2WI TSE ≤4 mm
(iii) Coronal^§T2WI TSE FS ≤3 mm		(iii) Axial FLAIR ≤4 mm
(iv) Axial^∧ T1WI TSE ≤3 mm		(iv) 3D T1WI 1 mm
(v) Coronal T1 WI TSE		(v) Axial DWI ≤4 mm
(vi) Sagittal Oblique° T1WI TSE; (optional) ≤2 mm
(vii) SWI (optional)

FS: fat sat, WI: weighted image, SPACE: sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts by using fip angle evolution, CISS: constructive interference in steady state, FIESTA fast imaging employing steady state acquisition, VISTA volume isotropic turbo spin echo acquisition. ⁺2D in-plane sequences for the orbits should be acquired with a minimal slice gap and high acquisition matrices of 448 to 512, with a field-of-view of approximately 18 to 20 cm, obtaining a 0.4 mm in-plane resolution. ^Axial scans should cover the area between the hard palate and approximately 1 cm above the orbits. ^§Coronal scans should extend from the lens to the midpons. °Sagittal oblique scans should be aligned along the course of the optic nerve. For the assessment of ocular calcifications.