miR-26a-5p Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy through the USP14/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Figure 2

miR-26a-5p overexpression relieves HG-induced Müller cell dysfunction. (a) RT-qPCR was performed to measure miR-26a-5p expression in retinal cells with or without HG treatment and to evaluate the transfection efficiency of miR-26a-5p mimics in HG-exposed Müller cells. (b–d) SOD, CAT, and MDA levels in Müller cells of four groups (control, HG, HG + NC mimics, and HG + miR-26a-5p mimics groups) were measured using specific commercial kits. (e) CM-H₂DCFDA staining was conducted to evaluate ROS levels in Müller cells of the control, HG, HG + NC mimics, and HG + miR-26a-5p mimics groups. (f) Western blotting was performed to quantify cytochrome c protein levels in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of Müller cells in the control, HG, HG + NC mimics, and HG + miR-26a-5p mimics groups. (g) Western blotting was performed to quantify GFAP protein expression in Müller cells of the control, HG, HG + NC mimics, and HG + miR-26a-5p mimics groups. (h–k) ELISA was conducted to measure (h) VEGF level and (i–k) the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in Müller cells of the control, HG, HG + NC mimics, and HG + miR-26a-5p mimics groups. and .

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