Research Article
Autorefraction, Retinoscopy, Javal’s Rule, and Grosvenor’s Modified Javal’s Rule: The Best Predictor of Refractive Astigmatism
Table 4
Agreement between cylinder axis of subjective refraction and that of retinoscopy or autorefraction.
| Parameter | Kappa | value |
| Autorefraction versus subjective (exact) | 0.051 | 0.38 | Autorefraction versus subjective (within 5 degrees) | 0.107 | 0.26 | Retinoscopy versus subjective (exact) | 0.64 | <0.001 | Retinoscopy versus subjective (within 5 degrees) | 0.64 | <0.001 |
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