Autorefraction, Retinoscopy, Javal’s Rule, and Grosvenor’s Modified Javal’s Rule: The Best Predictor of Refractive Astigmatism

<div>Bland-Altman plots comparing refractive measurements between retinoscopy and subjective refraction (spherical equivalent).</div>

Journal of Ophthalmology

Figure 3: Autorefraction, Retinoscopy, Javal’s Rule, and Grosvenor’s Modified Javal’s Rule: The Best Predictor of Refractive Astigmatism 