Due to the increasing global prevalence of obesity which includes also growing population all around the world, numerous studies concerning body composition, anthropometric, hormonal, biochemical, health, and so forth characteristics were conducted. As prevailing causes of this increasing prevalence resulting in both present and delayed negative health consequences, secular changes of lifestyle, i.e., inadequate nutrition—disbalanced food intake not corresponding to energy expenditure and real needs of the growing organism—as a part of Western lifestyle exported also to transition and developing countries have been considered. This concerns the whole of the growing population, and also “hidden obesity,” increased adiposity without excessive increase of body mass index (BMI), due to reduced development of lean body mass (especially skeletal muscles) and inadequate physical fitness can be the result of hypokinesia and sedentarism. This situation includes also reduced cardiorespiratory efficiency and motor abilities which all are even enhancing during adulthood and are related to increased morbidity of “diseases of civilization.” The problem starts in early childhood and deserves attention especially from the point of view of mutual relationships between energy intake (diet) and energy expenditure (mainly physical activity level), which have been until present studied prevailingly in separate studies and only in later age, i.e., during school and adolescent years. For that reason, as best prevention and treatment of childhood obesity is the correction of such a disbalance, especially using exercise. Delayed effects in later life of early inadequate mutual relationships between diet and physical activity and resulting energy disbalance should also be paid attention. Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

• Secular changes of adiposity during growth
• Secular changes in nutrition (energy intake, composition of diet, etc.)
• Obesity prevalence as related to different environments in developed, developing, and transition countries during growth
• Secular changes of physical activity and physical fitness level in different countries
• Food intake and physical activity in obese children and adolescents
• Physical fitness (cardiorespiratory efficiency, motor abilities, muscle strength, etc.) in obese growing subjects
• Results of reduction treatment in growing obese using exercise and monitored diet
• Psychological and further consequences of obesity during growth and development
• Obesity and metabolic syndrome during growth
• Delayed consequences of childhood obesity later in life

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