Green Space and Child Weight Status: Does Outcome Measurement Matter? Evidence from an Australian Longitudinal Study
Table 2
The influence of green space on children’s waist circumference.
Boys ()
Girls ()
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Fixed effects
Age
2.53 (2.49, 2.58)
2.71 (2.60, 2.81)
2.73 (2.61, 2.85)
2.21 (2.16, 2.25)
2.24 (2.13, 2.35)
2.22 (2.10, 2.35)
Green space 0–5%
Green space 6–10%
−0.31 (−1.46, 0.84)
1.58 (−0.20, 3.36)
2.82 (0.86, 4.78)
0.22 (−0.92, 1.35)
0.95 (−0.84, 2.74)
1.64 (−0.31, 3.60)
Green space 11–20%
−0.61 (−1.63, 0.40)
1.66 (0.09, 3.24)
2.30 (0.57, 4.04)
−0.43 (−1.43, 0.58)
0.16 (−1.43, 1.75)
0.86 (−0.89, 2.60)
Green space 21–30%
−0.86 (−2.06, 0.35)
2.11 (0.23, 3.98)
2.51 (0.47, 4.55)
−0.10 (−1.25, 1.05)
0.22 (−1.60, 2.05)
0.44 (−1.53, 2.42)
Green space 31–40%
−0.27 (−1.61, 1.07)
0.39 (−1.67, 2.45)
1.21 (−1.01, 3.44)
0.29 (−1.04, 1.63)
0.69 (−1.44, 2.81)
0.89 (−1.44, 3.22)
Green space >40%
−1.15 (−2.44, 0.14)
−0.11 (−2.10, 1.87)
0.09 (−2.12, 2.30)
−0.21 (−1.47, 1.05)
−1.17 (−3.16, 0.83)
−1.54 (−3.71, 0.63)
Green space
0.5201
0.0775
0.0141
0.7946
0.4356
0.0892
Green space 0–5% × age
Green space 6–10% × age
−0.21 (−0.36, −0.06)
−0.30 (−0.47, −0.12)
−0.08 (−0.23, 0.07)
−0.15 (−0.32, 0.03)
Green space 11–20% × age
−0.25 (−0.38, −0.12)
−0.31 (−0.47, −0.16)
−0.06 (−0.20, 0.07)
−0.11 (−0.27, 0.05)
Green space 21–30% × age
−0.33 (−0.49, −0.17)
−0.32 (−0.50, −0.14)
−0.04 (−0.19, 0.12)
−0.02 (−0.20, 0.15)
Green space 31–40% × age
−0.07 (−0.25, 0.10)
−0.15 (−0.35, 0.04)
−0.04 (−0.23, 0.14)
−0.03 (−0.24, 0.18)
Green space >40% × age
−0.11 (−0.28, 0.05)
−0.11 (−0.31, 0.09)
0.11 (−0.06, 0.28)
0.17 (−0.03, 0.37)
Green space × age
0.0003
0.0004
0.3054
0.0255
Combined weekly income (thousands)
−0.14 (−0.25, −0.03)
−0.01 (−0.14, 0.11)
Child indigenous status
2.27 (0.25, 4.29)
3.18 (1.27, 5.09)
Maternal years education
−0.07 (−0.19, 0.05)
−0.25 (−0.36, −0.14)
LOTE
1.25 (0.30, 2.20)
−0.44 (−1.37, 0.49)
Random effects
Area
2.25 (0.86, 5.89)
2.23 (0.85, 5.89)
2.29 (0.84, 6.20)
2.48 (1.07, 5.74)
2.47 (1.07, 5.74)
1.93 (0.68, 5.46)
Individual
50.29 (46.64, 54.23)
50.34 (46.69, 54.28)
46.63 (42.91, 50.67)
43.87 (40.53, 47.49)
43.87 (40.53, 47.48)
39.16 (35.87, 42.76)
Residual
21.48 (20.73, 22.26)
21.4 (20.65, 22.18)
20.31 (19.48, 21.18)
20.62 (19.88, 21.39)
20.60 (19.86, 21.37)
19.91 (19.08, 20.78)
Note. LOTE = language other than English. Model 1 – influence of green space and age on waist circumference; model 2 – model 1 + green space × age interaction; model 3 – model 2 + socioeconomic controls. = ; = ; = . Overall variable values from Wald tests.