Mindfulness Intervention for Stress Eating to Reduce Cortisol and Abdominal Fat among Overweight and Obese Women: An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of treatment and control participants.
Variable
Treatment ()a
Control ()a
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
P value
Age
40.42
8.0
41.39
6.7
.65
Weight (kg)
84.40
14.2
85.17
14.7
.86
Body mass index
31.40
4.7
30.77
4.8
.65
Waist circumference (cm)
104.14
10.9
103.22
11.6
.78
Mindfulness-Act with Awareness
2.65
0.4
2.79
0.4
.24
Mindfulness-Observe
3.01
0.4
3.52
0.5
.001
Mindfulness-Describe
3.53
0.7
3.26
0.8
.21
Mindfulness-Nonjudging
3.13
0.9
3.05
0.8
.73
Body Responsiveness
3.65
0.9
4.11
0.9
.09
Wheaton Chronic Stress Inventory
1.96
0.5
1.95
0.5
.87
Perceived stress
1.96
0.5
1.86
0.7
.59
Anxiety
2.25
0.4
2.15
0.5
.43
Restrained eating
2.79
0.6
2.80
0.5
.96
Emotional eating
3.42
0.7
3.42
0.8
.99
External-based eating
3.57
0.5
3.50
0.5
.64
Cortisol awakening response (nmol/L)
6.72
8.1
7.26
7.9
.83
Cortisol slope (nmol/L)
15.67
5.9
13.52
5.2
.22
Serum morning cortisol (ln)
2.20
0.4
2.38
0.4
.12
Abdominal fat, L2-L4 region (g)
2238.81
675.0
2002.78
652.2
.23
Trunk/leg fat mass ratio
1.68
0.5
1.51
0.3
.15
aVariables with missing values in the treatment group included the cortisol awakening response () and cortisol slope (), and in the control group, the mindfulness and eating variables (), cortisol awakening response (), and cortisol slope ().
