Diet, Screen Time, Physical Activity, and Childhood Overweight in the General Population and in High Risk Subgroups: Prospective Analyses in the PIAMA Birth Cohort

Table 1

Characteristics of the study population and prevalence of overweight (including obesity) and obesity at the age of 8 years in sub groups of the population.

	n (%)	Overweight at age 8%	Obesity at age 8%
Age 0-1
Gender
Boy	2055 (51.8%)	12.1	2.5
Girl	1908 (48.2%)	15.5	3.0
Maternal ${\text{education}}^1$
Low	934 (23.6%)	18.3	4.1
Intermediate	1651 (41.7%)	14.0	3.3
High	1378 (34.8%)	10.5	1.2
Maternal overweight
BMI$<$25 kg/m^2	2960 (74.7%)	10.0	1.5
BMI $\ge \mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}$25 kg/m^2	1003 (25.3%)	25.0	6.8
Birth weight
$<$2500 g	134 (3.4%)	10.0	2.3
2500– 4000 g	3119 (78.7%)	12.5	2.3
$\ge$ 4000 g	710 (17.9%)	20.1	5.1
Breast feeding
None	710(17.9 %)	18.7	4.0
0–16 weeks	1861 (47.0%)	13.4	2.8
$\ge$ 16 weeks	1392 (35.1%)	11.7	2.0
Age 5 years
Fast food ${\text{consumption}}^2$
Low (523 kJ/wk)	1427 (36.0 %)	12.1	1.6
Intermediate (1549 kJ/wk)	1583 (40.0%)	14.0	2.7
High (2596 kJ/wk)	953 (24.0%)	15.8	4.4
Snack ${\text{consumption}}^2$
Low (2253 kJ/wk)	1314 (33.2%)	13.7	3.0
Intermediate (3350 kJ/wk)	1327 (33.5%)	14.1	2.0
High (5100 kJ/wk)	1322 (33.4%)	13.5	3.1
Soft drink consumption^2
Low (1436 kJ/wk)	1351 (34.1%)	12.5	1.7
Intermediate (2064 kJ/wk)	1342 (33.9%)	15.0	3.2
High (3132 kJ/wk)	1270 (32.1%)	13.7	3.0
Member sport club
Yes	2441 (61.6 %)	14.1	3.0
No	1522 (38.4%)	13.3	2.4
Walking/cycling to school
Cat.1 never	1449 (36.6%)	13.7	3.2
Cat.2 $<1/2$ hr p. day	2105 (53.1%)	13.8	2.4
Cat.3 $\ge 1/2$ hr p. day	409 (10.3%)	13.8	3.0
Screen time
Cat.1  $\le 1/2$ hr p. day	935 (23.6%)	9.9	2.2
Cat.2 $1/2$–1 hr p. day	1873 (47.3%)	13.2	2.1
Cat.3 1-2 hrs p. day	1020 (25.7%)	17.5	4.1
Cat.4  $>$ 2 hrs p. day	135 (3.4%)	19.7	5.1
Playing outside
Cat.1  $\le$1 x p. wk	179 (4.5%)	17.1	6.2
Cat.2 1–3 x p. wk	901 (22.8%)	14.5	3.0
Cat.3 $>$ 3 x p. wk	2883 (72.7%)	13.3	2.4
Age 7 years
Fast food consumption^2
Low (523 kJ/wk)	1410 (35.6%)	12.6	2.7
Intermediate (1549 kJ/wk)	1550 (39.1%)	13.4	2.1
High (2596 kJ/wk)	1003 (25.3%)	15.9	3.8
Snack consumption^2
Low (2492 kJ/wk)	1331 (33.6%)	15.1	3.8
Intermediate (3643 kJ/wk)	1311 (33.1%)	14.1	2.4
High (5465 kJ/wk)	1321 (33.3%)	12.0	1.9
Soft drink consumption^2
Low (1436 kJ/wk)	1393 (35.1%)	14.8	2.5
Intermediate (2010 kJ/wk)	1254 (31.7%)	13.2	3.1
High (2986 kJ/wk)	1316 (33.2%)	13.2	2.6
Member sport club
Yes	3414 (86.2%)	14.0	2.8
No	549 (13.9%)	12.1	2.1
Walking/cycling to school
Cat.1 never	683 (17.2%)	14.3	2.6
Cat.2 $<$$1/2$ hr p. day	2758 (69.6%)	13.3	2.6
Cat.3  $\ge 1/2$ hr p. day	522 (13.2%)	15.5	3.7
Screen time
Cat.1  $\le 1/2$ hr p. day	548 (13.8%)	12.5	3.1
Cat.2 $1/2$–1 hr p. day	1683 (42.5%)	12.0	2.7
Cat.3 1-2 hrs p. day	1504 (38.0%)	15.1	2.6
Cat.4  $>\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}$2 hrs p. day	108 (5.7%)	20.5	2.8
Playing outside
Cat.1  $\le 1$ x p. wk	152 (3.9% )	19.8	4.7
Cat.2 1–3 x p. wk	943 (23.8%)	14.0	3.2
Cat.3 $>$ 3 x p. wk	2868 (72.4%)	13.4	2.5

${}_{}{}^1\text{Low}=\text{primary}$, lower vocational and lower general; Intermediate = senior high school and intermediate vocational; High = higher vocational and university.
${}_{}{}^2\text{For}$ each category (Low, Intermediate, and High) the median energy intake (kJ/week) from this food group is shown in brackets.