Genomic Profiling and Functional Analysis of let-7c miRNA-mRNA Interactions Identify <i>SOX13</i> to Be Involved in Invasion and Progression of Pancreatic Cancer

Nelson, Shannon R.; Roche, Sandra; Cotter, Maura; Garcia, Pablo Anton; Reitmeier, Daniela; Zollbrecht, Elisabeth; O’Neill, Fiona; Clynes, Martin; Doolan, Padraig; Mehta, Jai P.; Swan, Niall; Larkin, AnneMarie; Walsh, Naomi

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2951921

Journal of Oncology

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Data Availability Ethical Approval Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 2951921 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2951921

Genomic Profiling and Functional Analysis of let-7c miRNA-mRNA Interactions Identify SOX13 to Be Involved in Invasion and Progression of Pancreatic Cancer

Shannon R. Nelson,¹Sandra Roche,¹Maura Cotter,²Pablo Anton Garcia,¹Daniela Reitmeier,¹Elisabeth Zollbrecht,¹Fiona O’Neill,¹Martin Clynes,¹Padraig Doolan,¹Jai P. Mehta,¹Niall Swan,²and AnneMarie Larkin¹ et al.

Academic Editor: Liren Qian

Received07 Jul 2020

Revised01 Dec 2020

Accepted11 Dec 2020

Published24 Dec 2020

Abstract

Background. Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease; its lethality is related to rapid growth and tendency to invade adjacent organs and metastasize at an early stage. Objective. The aim of this study was to identify miRNAs and their gene targets involved in the invasive phenotype in pancreatic cancer to better understand the biological behaviour and the rapid progression of this disease. Methods. miRNA profiling was performed in isogenic matched high invasive and low-invasive subclones derived from the MiaPaCa-2 cell line and validated in a panel of pancreatic cancer cell lines, tumour, and normal pancreas. Online miRNA target prediction algorithms and gene expression arrays were used to predict the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs. miRNAs and potential target genes were subjected to overexpression and knockdown approaches and downstream functional assays to determine their pathological role in pancreatic cancer. Results. Differential expression analysis revealed 10 significantly dysregulated miRNAs associated with invasive capacity (Student’s t-tests; value <0.05; fold change = ±2). The expression of top upregulated miR-135b and downregulated let-7c miRNAs correlated with the invasive abilities of eight pancreatic cancer cell lines and displayed differential expression in pancreatic cancer and adjacent normal tissue specimens. Ectopic overexpression of let-7c decreased proliferation, invasion, and colony formation. Integrated analysis of miRNA-mRNA using in silico algorithms and experimental validation databases identified four putative gene targets of let-7c. One of these targets, SOX13, was found to be upregulated in PDAC tumour compared with normal tissue in TCGA and an independent data set by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. RNAi knockdown of SOX13 reduced the invasion and colony formation ability of pancreatic cancer cells. Conclusion. The identification of key miRNA-mRNA gene interactions and networks provide potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for better treatment options for pancreatic cancer patients.

1. Introduction

Pancreatic cancer is fast becoming the major cause of cancer‐related mortality worldwide [1, 2]. With a rapid progression and spread, the 5-year survival rate of pancreatic cancer is 9%, and despite improvements in therapeutic technologies, the clinical outcome has not significantly improved in decades. As pancreatic cancer is notoriously asymptomatic and difficult to detect at an early stage, the majority of patients (approximately 80%) are diagnosed after the cancer has metastasized, making them ineligible for surgical resection, which is the only curative treatment [3]. However, even after resection, 85% of patients experience recurrence of the disease [4, 5]. Therefore, further understanding of the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer can advance potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the early detection and spread of pancreatic cancer.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of ∼22 nucleotide endogenous, noncoding RNAs that can influence messenger RNA (mRNA) stability and translation. A single miRNA can interact with multiple target genes exerting oncogenic or tumour suppressive functions and can potentially regulate multiple cellular pathways. miRNA regulation of gene expression has been reported to be involved in many tumorigenic processes, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis [6]. Various miRNA expression profiling studies have identified specific miRNAs found to be associated with key phenotypic, clinical, and pathological characteristics of pancreatic cancer. Zhao et al. [7] reported that downregulation of miRNA-141 targets the tumour-promoting gene MAP4K4 in in vitro and in vivo pancreatic cancer models. Previous studies have identified single miRNAs such as miR-323-3p [8], miR-224 [9], and miR-720 [10] as potential targets against pancreatic cancer cell migration and invasion. Members of the let-7 family have a highly conserved sequence and function from across species [11] and are critical regulators of many normal processes such as embryonic development, stem cell maintenance, differentiation, and glucose metabolism [12]. Multiple studies suggest that members of the let-7 family function as tumour suppressors in various cancers including pancreatic cancer [13]. Validated targets of let-7 deregulated in pancreatic cancer include KRAS, STAT3, IGF2BP, and HMGA1/HMGA2 [12, 14, 15].

These studies highlight the important roles of miRNA in pancreatic cancer, and although a number of studies have identified miRNAs in pancreatic cancer progression, few analyses have been performed allowing for the identification of key miRNA-mRNA interaction networks involved in the progression and invasion of PDAC. Therefore, we hypothesized that by interrogating miRNA expression data from isogenic matched high-invasive and low-invasive subclones of a pancreatic cancer cell line, we would reveal crucial miRNAs involved in the invasion and progression of PDAC. Our analyses identified let-7c as significantly downregulated miRNA in invasive PDAC cells. Using in silico and experimental data, we identified the SOX13 gene as a potential gene target. RNAi knockdown of SOX13 reduced the invasion and colony formation ability of pancreatic cancer cells. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of the invasive phenotype of pancreatic cancer and may help to better understand the biological behaviour and the rapid progression of this cancer.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Tissue Culture of Cell Line Reagents

The human pancreatic cell lines Panc-1, SW1990, Capan-2, MiaPaCa-2 (ATCC, USA), HPAC (DSMZ, Germany), and BxPc-3 (ECACC, UK) were used in this study. Clone #3 and Clone #8 were previously isolated by single-cell dilution from MiaPaCa-2 in our laboratory [16]. Cells were maintained in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂ at 37°C in Dulbecco’s modified Eagles medium (DMEM) supplemented with 5% () foetal bovine serum and 2% L-glut (Sigma–Aldrich). All cell lines were free from Mycoplasma as tested with the indirect Hoechst staining method. Authentication of human pancreatic cancer cell lines was confirmed by STR DNA fingerprinting.

2.2. miRNA Expression Profiling

TaqMan Low-Density miRNA Arrays (TLDA) of 384 human miRNAs were performed on miRNA isolated from high-invasive Clone #3 and low-invasive Clone #8, in three biological repeat experiments. miRNAs were isolated using the mirVana miRNA isolation kit (Applied Biosystems), following the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA quantity and purity were assessed spectrophotometrically (NanoDrop ND-1000; Labtech International, Ringmer, East Sussex, UK). cDNA was synthesized using the TaqMan miRNA reverse transcription kit (Applied Biosystems) and Multiplex RT Human Primer Pool Sets. Resulting cDNA was then loaded onto TLDA cards according to manufacturer’s instructions. TLDA cards were run on an ABI 7900HT Real Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems). The Ct values were obtained using the SDS v2.2 software with automatic threshold settings. All data were normalized to the geometric mean of endogenous controls RNU44 and RNU48. Following data normalization, miRNA lists were generated using a t-test to identify miRNAs that were significantly differentially expressed ( value <0.05; fold change = ±2) between high-invasive Clone #3 and low-invasive Clone #8. For each miRNA, the relative expression level was determined by the 2^−ΔΔCt value calculation formula.

2.3. qRT-PCR Analysis of miRNA Expression

The TaqMan miRNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems, 4366597) was used to synthesize miRNA from total RNA. The RT-PCR was performed using a G-Storm thermocycler (Model GS1; Somerton Biotechnology Centre, Somerset, UK). Synthesized miRNA was stored at −20°C. Quantitative qPCR was used to assess miRNA expression (Applied Biosystems, 4453320) using the Applied Biosystems 7900 Real-Time PCR System. The relative miRNA expression was calculated using the equation 2^−ΔCt, where ΔCt = Ct (miRNA) − Ct (RNU44/RNU48).

2.4. mRNA Expression Profiling

Microarrays using GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Arrays (Affymetrix) were performed on RNA isolated from Clone #3 and Clone #8, in three biological repeat experiments. Total RNA was isolated using the RNeasy kit (Qiagen), following the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA quantity and purity were assessed spectrophotometrically (NanoDrop ND-1000). The Agilent bioanalyzer was used to assess RNA qualitatively after isolation, after biotin-labelling and postfragmentation. Double-stranded cDNA was synthesized from 10 μg total RNA using SuperScript II RT (Invitrogen Life Technologies) and T7-Oligo(dT)24 promoter primer (Affymetrix, Mercury Park, High Wycombe, UK) to initiate reverse transcription of mRNA. Following clean-up of double-stranded cDNA using the GeneChip Sample Cleanup Module (Affymetrix), biotin-labelled cRNA was synthesized using the Enzo Bioarray HighYield RNA Transcription Labelling Kit (Affymetrix), purified using IVT cRNA Cleanup Columns (Affymetrix), and fragmented to products of 35–200 bases.

Hybridization solution (1 mol/L NaCl, 20 mmol/L EDTA, 100 mmol/L 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulphonic acid, and 0.01% Tween 20) was used to prehybridize Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 microarrays for 10 min at 45°C. The prehybridization solution was removed and replaced with 200 μL hybridization solution containing 0.05 μg/μL fragmented cRNA. The arrays were hybridized for 16 h at 45°C. Arrays were subsequently washed (Affymetrix Fluidics Station 400) and stained with streptavidin-phycoerythrin (Stain Buffer, 2 mg/mL acetylated BSA, and 10 μg/mL streptavidin R-phycoerythrin; Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, OR, USA) and were scanned on a 2500 GeneArray scanner. Resulting data were analyzed using Affymetrix Transcriptome Analysis Console (TAC) software. Gene-level normalization and signal summarization were performed on all the data from the biological triplicates, assessed using the model-based probe logarithmic intensity error algorithm. Following data normalization, gene lists were generated using a t-test to identify genes that were significantly (, fold change = ±2) differentially expressed between the high-invasive Clone #3 arrays and the low-invasive Clone #8 arrays.

2.5. Cell Transient Transfection

All transfections were carried out using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, #11668027). For let-7c miRNA overexpression functional experiments, pre-miR-let-7c (Ambion Inc, PM10436) and appropriate controls—pre-miR miRNA precursor (Ambion Inc, AM17100) and untreated negative controls—were used in each experiment. For target gene knockdown functional experiments, predesigned pool of 3 target-specific 19–25 nt siRNAs designed to knock down SOX13 gene expression (Santa Cruz Biotech., sc-38424), a control (nontransfected), and a scrambled control siRNA (sc-37007) were used. For functional experiments, Panc-1 cells were seeded at a density of 3 × 10⁵ cells/mL in a 6-well plate with 30 nM pre-miR/siRNA. Transfection medium was removed after 24 h and replaced with fresh growth medium. The transfected cells were collected at 72 and 96 h for immunoblotting and assayed for changes in invasion, colony formation, and proliferation capacity at 72 h.

2.6. Invasion Assays

Invasion assays were performed as previously described [17]. Briefly, Matrigel (Sigma) was diluted to 1 mg/mL in serum-free DMEM. 100 μL of diluted Matrigel was coated on each Boyden chamber insert (Falcon) (8.0 μm pore size), in a 24-well plate (Costar) and incubated overnight at 4°C. The Matrigel was allowed to polymerize at 37°C for 1 h and then washed with DMEM. 100 μL of complete DMEM was added to the wells, and 1 × 10⁵ cells/100 μL of transfected and control cells were then seeded onto inserts. An aliquot of 500 μL of complete DMEM was added into the underside of the well. After a 24-h incubation, the inside of the insert was wiped with a wet cotton swab. The under surface was gently rinsed with PBS and stained with 0.25% () crystal violet for 10 min, rinsed with sterile water, and allowed to dry. The inserts were then viewed under the microscope, and the number of cells per field in 10 random fields was counted at 200x magnification. The average number of cells per field was then multiplied by a factor of 140 (growth area of membrane/field area viewed at 200x magnification (calibrated using a microscope graticule) to determine the total number of invading cells. Experiments were performed in triplicate.

2.7. Cell Proliferation Assays

To observe the effects of miRNA let-7c or SOX13 on proliferation, 72 h after transfection the highly invasive Panc-1 cells were harvested by trypsinization. Cell suspensions containing 1 × 10⁴ cells/mL were prepared in a cell culture medium. 100 μL/well of the cell suspension and 100 μL/well of media were added to 96-well plates (Costar, 3599). Plates were agitated gently in order to ensure even dispersion of cells over the surface of the wells. Cells were then incubated for a further 6-7 days until the control wells had reached approximately 80–90% confluency. Assessment of cell survival was determined by the acid phosphatase assay. Experiments were performed in triplicate. Results are graphed as percentage survival relative to the scrambled control cells.

2.8. Colony Formation Assays

Transfected and control cells were seeded in a 6-well plate at a concentration of 1 × 10³ cells/well in 2 mL of complete media. Media were changed every 3-4 days. After 10–14 days of incubation, cells were washed with PBS, then stained with 0.25% crystal violet for 10 min, and washed using water. Plates were allowed to dry, wells were then scanned, and the colonies were counted using Clono-counter [18]. Experiments were performed in triplicate. Results are graphed as percentage colony formation ability relative to the scrambled control cells.

2.9. Immunohistochemistry

4-µm Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded pancreatic tumour sections of tissue blocks were cut using a microtome, mounted onto poly-l-lysine-coated slides, and dried overnight at 37°C. Slides were stored at room temperature until required. Briefly, the slides were immunohistochemically stained using the primary antibody specific for SOX13 (Abcam ab198921). After deparaffinization and rehydration, the slides were subjected to an antigen retrieval step consisting of 20-min incubation in pH 9.0 buffer (Target Retrieval Dako) in a 95°C water bath followed by cooling to room temperature. Staining was performed using an automated staining apparatus for IHC (Autostainer; Dako) according to the manufacturer’s guidelines. Positive and negative controls were processed at the same time. The slides were counterstained with haematoxylin, dehydrated in graded alcohols, and mounted (DPX; Sigma). Scoring and interpretation were determined based on the intensity of staining in tumour using a semiquantitative scoring system. The intensity score was assigned as follows: 0 (negative), 1 (weak), 2 (moderate), and 3 (strong) by a pathologist (MC).

2.10. Computational Target Prediction In Silico Analysis

For the significantly dysregulated miRNAs in our data set, target prediction was carried out using PicTar [19] (https://pictar.mdc-berlin.de/cgi-bin/PicTar_vertebrate.cgi), TargetScan v7.2 [20] (http://www.targetscan.org/vert_72/), and miRDB [21] (http://mirdb.org/). The miRNA-mRNA interaction pairs predicted by 2 or more algorithms and supported with experimental evidence miRWalk v3.0 [22] (http://mirwalk.umm.uni-heidelberg.de/) and TarBase v8 [23] (http://carolina.imis.athena-innovation.gr/diana_tools/web/index.php?r=tarbasev8%2Findex) were considered as target relationship pairs.

2.11. Statistical Analysis

Student’s t-tests (two-tailed, two-sample unequal variance) were used to analyze differences between comparisons. A value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Linear regression was performed to analyze the correlation between miRNAs and invasion abilities of the PDAC cell line panel. Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed on patients dichotomized by high and low SOX13 expression based on the median expression levels, and statistical differences in the survival time between groups were compared using the log-rank test. One-way ANOVA was used in GEPIA to test the difference between normal and cancer samples. The statistical analyses were conducted using the STATA software package v13 and Graph Pad Prism v8.

3. Results

3.1. MicroRNA Expression Profiling of the High-Invasive and Low-Invasive Subclonal Populations

TaqMan Human miRNA Low-Density Array (TLDA) analysis was performed to identify candidate miRNAs exhibiting altered expression between high-invasive versus low-invasive pancreatic cancer clonal cell lines, previously created in our lab [16]. After filtering for low-abundant miRNAs (Ct value > 37 and nondetectable), a set of 240 miRNAs (from total 365) remained for further analysis. The TLDA data were analyzed using the geometrical mean of endogenous controls RNU48 and RNU44 as reference genes to normalize qRT-PCR data (relative quantification 2^−ΔΔCt). Comparative analysis of high vs. low invasion identified 10 differentially expressed miRNAs, five of which were upregulated and five were downregulated ( value <0.05 and fold change = ±2) (Figure 1). Among these, two miRNAs (let-7c and miR-135b) showed the highest statistical significance and fold change values and were selected for further validation.

3.2. Quantitative miRNA Validation with qRT-PCR

The top underexpressing let-7c and overexpressing miR-135b miRNAs were quantified using qRT-PCR in eight established pancreatic cancer cell lines correlated with invasive abilities [17] and further quantified in PDAC tumour and adjacent normal pancreas tissues. An inverse linear correlation was observed between increased expression of let-7c and decreased invasive abilities in the eight cell lines (r² = 0.5147, value = 0.045), whereas an increasing correlation of miR-135b expression in the more invasive cell lines such as Panc-1 and BxPc-3 (r² = 0.6947, value = 0.010) was observed (Figures 2(a) and 2(b)). Significant increased expression of let-7c was detected in normal adjacent pancreas tissue compared with tumour ( value <0.05), whereas miR-135b was significantly decreased in adjacent normal pancreas tissue compared with tumour ( value <0.01) (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)).

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3.3. let-7c Overexpression Inhibited Growth, Invasion, and Colony Formation of Pancreatic Cancer Cells In Vitro

The biological function of let-7c in the progression and invasion of pancreatic cancer was investigated by transiently inducing mimic pre-miR-let-7c into the Panc-1 cell line. Panc-1 was used as this cell line displayed the highest invasion of all the cell lines; therefore, inhibition of invasion would be more quantifiable in this cell line. We confirmed using qRT-PCR that the induced let-7c expression in the pre-let-7c transfected Panc-1 cells was significantly higher compared with the negative control (pre-miR ctrl) ( value <0.0001) and in the untreated cells after 72 h (Figure 3(a)). Transient overexpression of let-7c in Panc-1 cells significantly decreased proliferation ( value = 0.009) (Figure 3(b)), reduced invasive abilities by 4 ( value = 0.013) (Figure 3(c)), and prevented the formation of colonies by 33 ± 4.6% compared with pre-miR mimic control ( value = 0.008) (Figure 3(d)).

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3.4. Predictive Target Genes of let-7c Using Differential mRNA Expression and In Silico miRNA-Targeted Gene Prediction Analysis

Gene expression microarray analysis was performed using the same high-invasive Clone #3 and low-invasive Clone #8 subclonal cell lines with the aim of identifying differentially expressed genes that might be target gene candidates for the differentially expressed miRNAs. The Affymetrix GeneChip analysis showed that 1074 genes (601 genes upregulated and 473 genes downregulated) were differentially expressed ( value <0.05 and fold change = ±2) between high-invasive and low-invasive cell lines (Supplementary Figures 1 and 2). The up/downregulated gene lists were compared with the lists of predictive (algorithm based)/experimental target genes of let-7c (Table 1). Four putative target genes of let-7c were predicted using the anticorrelated gene expression between high- versus low-invasive cell lines and by applying the five databases as described in Materials and Methods.

3.5. Expression of SOX13 in Pancreatic Cancer

All four putative target genes were assessed for their expression between PDAC tumour and adjacent normal tissue. SOX13 was the only gene that displayed significant differential expression between adjacent normal and tumour pancreas tissue ( value = 0.018) (Figure 4(a)). The expression of SOX13 in PDAC tumour compared with normal pancreas was then investigated in the TCGA PDAC data set; although only a small number of normal samples (n = 4) SOX13 mRNA was significantly higher in tumour specimens compared with normal ( value = 0.015) (Figure 4(b)). Kaplan–Meier overall survival analysis of TCGA and GTEx PDAC data sets (GEPIA) [24] revealed a poor prognosis for patients with high SOX13 expression (cut off 74% vs. 26%) (HR 1.9; value = 0.038, log rank) (Figure 4(c)). Furthermore, we performed IHC on 39 PDAC FFPE samples and correlated SOX13 protein expression with overall survival and observed poorer survival among patients expressing SOX13 than those with no expression; however, this association was nonsignificant (HR 1.86, 95% Confidence Interval 0.78 to 4.42; value = 0.151) (Figure 4(d)). IHC staining found that 62% of cases positively expressed SOX13 protein with weak or moderate cytoplasmic/nuclear staining in pancreatic cancer lesions (Figures 5(a)–5(d)). Positive staining was combined as no SOX13 was observed in normal pancreas ducts. Strong SOX13 expression was also identified in islets cells both with low and high acinar cell staining (Figures 5(e) and 5(f)).

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3.6. Role of SOX13 in Invasion and Colony Formation in PDAC Cells

As SOX13 showed differential expression between PDAC tumour and normal pancreas tissue, we decided to investigate its role in PDAC invasion and colony formation. Transient SOX13 knockdown studies were performed with the highly invasive Panc-1 cell line. Figure 6 illustrates a confirmed downregulation of SOX13 by siRNA in Panc-1 cells. SOX13 knockdown by siRNA resulted in significant decreased invasion ( value = 0.006) and reduced the colony formation ability of Panc-1 cells by 40% ( value = 0.0001) compared with scrambled siRNA control Panc-1 cells (Figures 6(b) and 6(c)).

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4. Discussion

Pancreatic cancer represents a major clinical challenge, as it is an aggressive tumour, which invades and metastasizes quickly. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these events is critical to develop new biomarkers and therapeutics. miRNAs bind to the 3′UTR of their target genes playing decisive roles in proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis in cancer. In this study, we identified significant differentially expressed miRNAs between high- and low-invasive subpopulations of the pancreatic cancer cell line MiaPaCa-2. Expression of the top upregulated (miR-135b) and downregulated (let-7c) miRNAs positively and inversely correlated with the invasive abilities of a panel of pancreatic cancer cell lines and showed differential expression between adjacent normal and pancreatic cancer tissue. Restoration of let-7c in the PDAC cell line Panc-1 decreased proliferation, invasion, and colony formation abilities. Let-7c is a tumour suppressor miRNA downregulated in many cancers, and its expression suppresses proliferation, inhibits migration and invasion, induces cell apoptosis, and disrupts the cell cycle [25, 26]. In pancreatic cancer, the let-7 family is an established tumour suppressor with downregulation of let-7g associated with shorter overall survival [27, 28]. Induced expression of let-7a inhibits in vitro proliferation due to targeting of the KRAS-dependent pathway [29]. Patel et al. found that re-expression of let-7c in poorly differentiated PDAC cell lines reduced phosphorylation/activation of STAT3 and its downstream signalling events and reduced the growth and migration of PDAC cells [14]. miRNAs such as let-7c have the ability to suppress multiple target genes. Enhanced expression of tumour-suppressive miRNAs and suppression of oncogenic target genes may offer more effective treatment strategies. We integrated miRNA-mRNA gene expression correlation analysis using in silico computational databases to identify novel gene targets. We found that SOX13 (SRY-related high mobility group box transcription factor 13) remained significantly upregulated in PDAC tumours compared with normal pancreas tissue in the pancreatic cancer cohort of TCGA [30] and in an independent data set and was significantly associated with poorer survival. SOX13 is upregulated in tumours such as renal clear cell carcinoma [31] and colorectal cancer [32]. SOX13 is a target gene of let-7i in colorectal cancer [32] and miR-138-5p circ_002136-mediated glioma angiogenesis [33]. Recently, Du et al. observed that overexpression of SOX13 promoted migration, invasion, and metastasis via activation of c-MET and SNAI2 in colorectal cancer [34]. In agreement, our study found that knockdown of SOX13 by siRNA reduced the invasive and colony formation abilities of the high-invasive Panc-1 PDAC cell line, indicating a role for SOX13 for the first time in invasion and progression of PDAC.

In order to address the limitations of this study, the precise mechanism of let-7c/SOX13 axis by luciferase reporter assays in PDAC must be elucidated. Additionally, the localization of SOX13 staining in islet cells should be explored further, particularly, as SOX13 is a type-1 diabetes autoantigen (also known as islet cell antibody 12) [35]. Zhang et al. found that 6% of 33 Chinese type-1B diabetic patients were found positive for SOX13-Ab, indicating islet autoimmunity [36]. Challenges may exist to unravel the complex role of SOX13, diabetes, and cancer as SOX13 has been shown to be a nonspecific marker of pancreas tissue damage associated with chronic hyperglycaemia [37]. Utilizing GeneCards [38] Genes Like Me analysis tool highlighted shared descriptors between SOX13 and top genes in the Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) pathway such as HNF4G, HNF1B, HNF1A, INS, PDX1, NEUROD1, and GCK. Our previous research in pathway analysis of genome-wide association study (GWAS) data on PDAC found that the top single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with genes in the MODY pathway, suggesting that this pathway may be biologically relevant for risk of PDAC [39]. However, the association of SOX13 in MODY or PDAC has not been fully elucidated, and its function may be resolved to its role as a transcription factor, effective regulator of embryonic development, stem cell maintenance, tissue homeostasis, and multiple cancer development [40].

In conclusion, downregulation of let-7c and overexpression of SOX13 play a role in pancreatic cancer. In order to develop new treatment approaches for pancreatic cancer, the therapeutic value of targeting SOX13 to reduce pancreatic cancer invasion should be further validated by independent cohorts and prospective trials using key agents such as crizotinib previously shown to block key SOX13-related pathways [34] and additional exploration of the regulatory network of SOX13 to elucidate additional molecular targeted agents for SOX13-overexpressing PDAC patients.

Data Availability

The data sets used during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the Irish Cancer Society and Health Research Board jointly (grant number CPFP/2012/2) and in part by Science Foundation Ireland (grant number SIRG/3482) awarded to NW.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Figure 1: differential mRNA gene expression using Affymetrix human genome u133 plus 2 microarray. (A) Hierarchical and (B) heat map of invasive Clone#3 and noninvasive Clone#8 cells show 1074 genes differentially regulated (601 upregulated and 473 downregulated) at a fold difference of ±2 and value <0.05. Supplementary Figure 2: schematic layout of experimental design and experimental processes. (Supplementary Materials)

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Copyright © 2020 Shannon R. Nelson et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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