Casein and Peptides Derived from Casein as Antileukaemic Agents

Table 3

Immune activities of peptides and protein hydrolysates from caseins.

Casein	Derived peptide	Biological functions	Ref
αs1-Casein	Trypsin-derived f194-199 C-terminal	Promotes antibody formation and accelerated phagocytosis in vitro; Provides protection against lethal bacterial infections in vivo; Reduces Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in mice in vivo	[61, 62]
αs1-Casein	Chymosin-derived f1 ± 23 N-terminal	Protects mice against infection by Staphylococcus aureus prior to infection; Stimulate a phagocytic response in mice infected with Candida albicans when injected intravenously; Protection in cows and sheep against mastitis has also been observed following injection of the peptide into the udder	[63]
	Caseins digested by non-pretreated trypsin	Stimulate phagocytosis by murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro and consequently to exert a protective effect against K. pneumoniae challenge in mice after intravenous treatment	[64]
αs1-Casein	Pepsin/trypsin-derived peptides	Inhibit the proliferative responses of murine splenic lymphocytes and rabbit Peyer’s patch cells in vitro; Suppress mitogen-induced proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro	[65]
α-Casein	dPHLr	Decreases the production of IL-2 in activated T lymphocytes in vitro	[66]
αs1-Caseins	HLGG	Suppresses the proliferation of lymphocytes	[65]
κ-Casein∗	Synthetic peptide Tyr-Gly	Enhances the proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro	[67]
κ-Casein∗	Chymosin-derived f106 ± 169 CGP	Inhibits LPS- and PHA-induced proliferation of murine splenic lymphocytes in vitro, and it also suppresses antibody production in murine spleen cell cultures in vitro	[48]
κ-Casein	Pepsin/trypsin-derived peptides	Enhances mitogen-induced proliferation of human lymphocytes in vitro	[68]
κ-Casein	Trypsin-derived f17 ± 21	Promotes antibody formation and accelerated phagocytic activity of murine and human macrophages in vitro	[69, 70]
κ-Casein	Synthetic peptide f383-389 (Tyr-Gly)	Immunomodulating peptide can pass across the intestine in quantitatively significant amounts to reach local lymphocytes; Enhances cellular proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes activated with concanavalin A in vivo	[71, 72]
β-Casein	FLAb	Immunomodulatory activity that might be related to interactions with monocytes-macrophages and T-helper cells, especially Th1-like cells in vitro	[65]
β-Casein	f54–59	Stimulates phagocytosis of SRBCs by murine macrophages in vitro; significantly enhance the resistance of mice to normally lethal infection with K. pneumoniae	[42]
β-Casein	f54-59 (Gly-Leu-Phe)	Stimulates phagocytosis of SRBCs and provides protection against infection by Klebsiella pneumonia in vivo	[73]
β-Casein	f191–193 (Leu-Leu-Tyr)	Fails to protect mice against infection but slightly but significantly stimulates antibody secretion against SRBCs by murine spleen cells in vivo	[73]
β-Casein	FLAb	Has immunomodulatory activity that might be related to interactions with monocytes-macrophages and T-helper cells, especially Th1-like cells	[74]
β-Casein	f193-209	Upregulates MHC class II antigen expression on bone marrow-derived macrophages, increasing their phagocytic activity, and induces only a low level of cytokine release	[75]
β-Casein	HLGG	Suppresses the proliferation of lymphocytes	[65]
β-Casein	Pancreatin/trypsin-derived peptides	Inhibits mitogen-stimulated proliferative responses of murine splenic lymphocytes and rabbit Peyer’s patch cells when included in cell culture in vitro	[48]

-Casein∗, bovine -casein; HLGG, hydrolysed by Lactobacillus GG; dPHLr, derived peptides by hydrolysis with Lactobacillus rhamnosus; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PHA, phytohaemagglutinin; SRBCs, sheep red blood cells; FLAb, fermented by lactic acid bacteria.