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Casein | Derived peptide | Biological functions | Ref |
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αs1-Casein | Trypsin-derived f194-199 C-terminal | Promotes antibody formation and accelerated phagocytosis in vitro Provides protection against lethal bacterial infections in vivo Reduces Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in mice in vivo | [61, 62] |
αs1-Casein | Chymosin-derived f1 ± 23 N-terminal | Protects mice against infection by Staphylococcus aureus prior to infection Stimulate a phagocytic response in mice infected with Candida albicans when injected intravenously Protection in cows and sheep against mastitis has also been observed following injection of the peptide into the udder | [63] |
Caseins digested by non-pretreated trypsin | Stimulate phagocytosis by murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro and consequently to exert a protective effect against K. pneumoniae challenge in mice after intravenous treatment | [64] |
αs1-Casein | Pepsin/trypsin-derived peptides | Inhibit the proliferative responses of murine splenic lymphocytes and rabbit Peyer’s patch cells in vitro Suppress mitogen-induced proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro | [65] |
α-Casein | dPHLr | Decreases the production of IL-2 in activated T lymphocytes in vitro | [66] |
αs1-Caseins | HLGG | Suppresses the proliferation of lymphocytes | [65] |
κ-Casein∗ | Synthetic peptide Tyr-Gly | Enhances the proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro | [67] |
κ-Casein∗ | Chymosin-derived f106 ± 169 CGP | Inhibits LPS- and PHA-induced proliferation of murine splenic lymphocytes in vitro, and it also suppresses antibody production in murine spleen cell cultures in vitro | [48] |
κ-Casein | Pepsin/trypsin-derived peptides | Enhances mitogen-induced proliferation of human lymphocytes in vitro | [68] |
κ-Casein | Trypsin-derived f17 ± 21 | Promotes antibody formation and accelerated phagocytic activity of murine and human macrophages in vitro | [69, 70] |
κ-Casein | Synthetic peptide f383-389 (Tyr-Gly) | Immunomodulating peptide can pass across the intestine in quantitatively significant amounts to reach local lymphocytes Enhances cellular proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes activated with concanavalin A in vivo | [71, 72] |
β-Casein | FLAb | Immunomodulatory activity that might be related to interactions with monocytes-macrophages and T-helper cells, especially Th1-like cells in vitro | [65] |
β-Casein | f54–59 | Stimulates phagocytosis of SRBCs by murine macrophages in vitro; significantly enhance the resistance of mice to normally lethal infection with K. pneumoniae | [42] |
β-Casein | f54-59 (Gly-Leu-Phe) | Stimulates phagocytosis of SRBCs and provides protection against infection by Klebsiella pneumonia in vivo | [73] |
β-Casein | f191–193 (Leu-Leu-Tyr) | Fails to protect mice against infection but slightly but significantly stimulates antibody secretion against SRBCs by murine spleen cells in vivo | [73] |
β-Casein | FLAb | Has immunomodulatory activity that might be related to interactions with monocytes-macrophages and T-helper cells, especially Th1-like cells | [74] |
β-Casein | f193-209 | Upregulates MHC class II antigen expression on bone marrow-derived macrophages, increasing their phagocytic activity, and induces only a low level of cytokine release | [75] |
β-Casein | HLGG | Suppresses the proliferation of lymphocytes | [65] |
β-Casein | Pancreatin/trypsin-derived peptides | Inhibits mitogen-stimulated proliferative responses of murine splenic lymphocytes and rabbit Peyer’s patch cells when included in cell culture in vitro | [48] |
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