Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism

Research Article

Acid-Base Balance in Healthy Adults: Beneficial Effects of Bicarbonate and Sodium-Rich Mineral Water in a Randomized Controlled Trial: The BicarboWater Study

Table 3

Dietary energy and nutrient intake calculated from 3-day dietary records at the beginning () and at the end of the intervention () as well as absolute changes (∆).


Parameter	Group	Time		Change	value (time × group)	value (time)
Parameter	Group			∆ 28-0	value (time × group)	value (time)

Fiber (g/d)	HBS	23.4 (14.7)	25.5 (10.2)	1.53 (7.73)	0.441	0.452
Fiber (g/d)	LBS	19.8 (13.4)	20.9 (11.1)	−0.85 (8.97)	0.441	0.593

Protein (g/d)	HBS	83.0 (29.3)	80.4 (24.5)	−1.76 (25.9)	0.330	0.832
Protein (g/d)	LBS	77.5 (32.4)	70.9 (28.0)	−4.71 (29.2)	0.330	0.109

Fat (g/d)	HBS	99.0 (53.8)	101 (30.0)	−1.85 (42.6)	0.284	0.928
Fat (g/d)	LBS	89.4 (35.6)	82.8 (49.6)	−4.27 (39.9)	0.284	0.160

Carbohydrates (g/d)	HBS	234 (91.9)	228 (77.3)	15.0 (75.2)	0.922	0.646
Carbohydrates (g/d)	LBS	266.4 (79.9)	202.9 (87.2)	−2.76 (78.1)	0.922	0.365

Energy (kJ/d)	HBS	9687 (3093)	9525 (2454)	−249 (2648)	0.414	0.552
Energy (kJ/d)	LBS	9436 (2957)	8629 (3319)	−550 (3234)	0.414	0.120

Calcium (mg/d)	HBS	932 (515)	1002 (423)	−24.2 (352)	0.820	0.938
Calcium (mg/d)	LBS	862 (396)	860 (488)	49.0 (393)	0.820	0.861

Chloride (mg/d)	HBS	4240 (1556)	4952 (1720)	709 (1472)	<0.001	0.001
Chloride (mg/d)	LBS	4128 (2097)	3240 (1568)	−386 (1706)	<0.001	0.025

Potassium (mg/d)	HBS	3286 (771)	3444 (930)	214 (1064)	0.002	0.303
Potassium (mg/d)	LBS	3411 (1650)	2713 (1183)	−582 (1070)	0.002	0.002

Magnesium (mg/d)	HBS	378 (164)	383 (135)	−11.6 (133)	0.581	0.626
Magnesium (mg/d)	LBS	378 (171)	343 (155)	−32.4 (158)	0.581	0.218

Sodium (mg/d)	HBS	2706 (884)	5880 (1207)	3078 (1073)	<0.001	<0.001
Sodium (mg/d)	LBS	2601 (1155)	2249 (958)	−146 (1457)	<0.001	0.128

Phosphorus (mg/d)	HBS	1429 (631)	1377 (457)	−43.0 (415)	0.838	0.809
Phosphorus (mg/d)	LBS	1304 (482)	1197 (493)	−26.5 (517)	0.838	0.507

NaCl (mg/d)	HBS	7066 (2593)	8254 (2867)	1182 (2453)	<0.001	0.001
NaCl (mg/d)	LBS	6880 (3495)	5400 (2613)	−643 (2844)	<0.001	0.025

PRAL₁₉₉₅ (mEq/d)	HBS	3.89 (26.35)	−107 (35.2)	−110 (29.1)	<0.001	<0.001
PRAL₁₉₉₅ (mEq/d)	LBS	−0.89 (19.14)	1.23 (14.32)	2.82 (22.18)	<0.001	0.200

Data are shown as median (IQR). HBS = high bicarbonate and sodium, LBS = low bicarbonate and sodium. PRAL = potential renal acid load. Time × group interactions were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Differences between and within each group were analyzed using paired t-Test and Wilcoxon-Test. The bold values are significant at p <0.05.