Metabolomic Insights into the Nutritional Status of Adults and Adolescents with Phenylketonuria Consuming a Low-Phenylalanine Diet in Combination with Amino Acid and Glycomacropeptide Medical Foods

Table 5

Treatment comparison of mineral intake distributions in comparison with reference intake cutoffs with AA-MF and GMP-MF¹.

Minerals	AA-MF						GMP-MF
	n	Percentile nutrient intakes			Inadequate and excessive intakes^2		Percentile nutrient intakes			Inadequate and excessive intakes
		10th	Median	90th	<EAR or AI	>UL	10th	Median	90th	<EAR or AI	>UL
Calcium, mg	30	839	1468	2402	10%	0%	586	1529	2453	20%	7%	1.00^†
Calcium from MF	30	106	1103	2077	—	—	63	1153	2225	—	—	0.99
Calcium from MF^3	27	552	1151	2129	—	—	60	1255	2391	—	—	0.62^†
Calcium from NF^4	30	183	313	784	93%	—	156	401	726	90%	—	0.80^†
Copper, µg	30	1.2	1.9	4.2	3%	7%	0.6	1.5	2.7	13%	0%	0.0006^†
Copper from MF	30	0	1.2	3.0	—	—	0	0.6	1.1	—	—	0.005
Copper from MF	21	0.6	1.2	2.8	—	—	0.4	0.7	1.1	—	—	0.0001
Copper from NF	30	0.5	0.9	3.4	33%	—	0.4	0.8	1.9	40%	—	0.27^†
Iodine, µg	30	13	140	235	23%	0%	12	153	262	33%	0%	0.66^†
Iodine from MF	30	0	132	223	—	—	0	141	239	—	—	0.48^†
Iodine from MF	21	77	137	223	—	—	78	149	241	—	—	0.32
Iodine from NF	30	2	9	42	93%	—	0	8	48	97%	—	0.26
Iron, mg	30	14	25	43	0%	3%	9	23	31	3%	0%	0.02
Iron from MF	30	0	15	31	—	—	0	14	23	—	—	0.14^†
Iron from MF	21	10	16	31	—	—	8	14	23	—	—	0.02
Iron from NF	30	5	8	22	37%	—	4	8	17	33%	—	0.15
Magnesium, mg	30	281	501	746	13%	—	196	514	782	23%	—	0.78^†
Magnesium from MF	30	32	320	570	—	37%	41	353	578	—	53%	0.77^†
Magnesium from MF	27	126	321	570	—	—	38	354	600	—	—	0.80^†
Magnesium from NF	30	110	171	320	90%	—	77	165	292	87%	—	0.41
Manganese, mg	30	1.9	3.9	7.1	10%	0%	1.8	3.8	5.3	13%	3%	0.26
Manganese from MF	30	0	1.6	3.4	—	—	0	1.6	3.0	—	—	0.84^†
Manganese from MF	21	0.9	1.7	3.4	—	—	0.6	1.9	3.1	—	—	0.41^†
Manganese from NF	30	1.1	2.2	6.3	40%	—	0.9	1.9	3.7	50%	—	0.10
Phosphorus, mg	30	952	1616	2431	7%	0%	774	1536	2204	10%	0%	0.60
Phosphorus from MF	30	81	972	2036	—	—	253	965	1708	—	—	0.71^†
Phosphorus from MF	27	531	1032	2047	—	—	240	984	1800	—	—	0.26
Phosphorus from NF	30	329	526	1007	73%	—	259	538	1064	67%	—	0.80
Potassium, mg	30	1809	2810	4179	93%	ND^5	2014	3350	4540	93%	ND	0.15
Potassium from MF	30	0	600	2558	—	—	718	1146	1781	—	—	0.08^†
Potassium from MF	25	60	880	2673	—	—	680	1120	1815	—	—	0.46^†
Potassium from NF	30	938	1910	3011	97%	—	1077	1867	3204	100%	—	1.00^†
Selenium, µg	30	54	93	133	7%	0%	25	88	142	17%	0%	0.50^†
Selenium from MF	30	9	58	89	—	—	0	55	89	—	—	0.34^†
Selenium from MF	23	26	59	89	—	—	29	60	93	—	—	0.31
Selenium from NF	30	12	29	88	83%	—	8	27	103	73%	—	0.95
Sodium, mg	30	1816	2637	3879	7%	63%	2052	3261	4645	7%	83%	0.048
Sodium from MF	30	0	413	1175	—	—	580	1140	2040	—	—	<0.0001^†
Sodium from MF	25	17	583	1198	—	—	480	1123	2280	—	—	0.0003
Sodium from NF	30	1363	2206	3138	17%	—	1007	2041	3383	23%	—	0.69
Zinc, mg	30	5	16	41	13%	13%	5	13	31	20%	10%	0.12
Zinc from MF	30	0	12	30	—	—	0	9	17	—	—	0.05
Zinc from MF	21	6	12	28	—	—	6	10	17	—	—	0.14^†
Zinc from NF	30	3	4	17	77%	—	2	4	19	83%	—	0.64^†

¹Nutrient intakes were based on 3-day food records (n = 30); statistical analysis included ANOVA with effects for treatment, genotype (classical or variant PKU), and treatment-genotype interaction. The values in this table represent the treatment comparison; ²United States’ Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) cutoffs, based on the AMDR, EAR, AI, and UL, were compared to nutrient intakes per the sex and age of each individual subject [25, 26]; ³sub-analyses for micronutrient intakes from medical foods were conducted due to the high rates of use of AA-MF that lacked micronutrient mineral supplementation. These subanalyses aimed to compare micronutrient intakes from medical foods that were supplemented with micronutrients. Due to the diverse micronutrient supplementation profiles of medical foods, sample sizes for each micronutrient vary; ⁴natural foods were defined as all foods and beverages that were not medical foods intended for the treatment of PKU; ⁵per the DRI, a UL for select nutrients has not been determined due to a lack of scientific evidence; ^†Kruskal–Wallis test was used when data were skewed; AMDR, acceptable macronutrient distribution range; AI, adequate intake; AA-MF, amino acid medical food; DFE, dietary folate equivalents; DGA, Dietary Guidelines for Americans; EAR, estimated average requirement; GMP-MF, glycomacropeptide medical food; MF, medical food; ND, not determined; NF, natural food; PKU, phenylketonuria; UL, upper tolerable intake levels.