Sex-Related Differences in the Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis

Table 2

Glucose and insulin homeostasis response to the 4-week controlled Mediterranean diet.

	Men ()				Women ()				Time	Sex-by-time interaction
	Before	SEM	After	SEM	Before	SEM	After	SEM	value
Incremental peak
Glucose (mmol/L)^a,b	4.66	0.25	4.66	0.26	3.35	0.30	3.53	0.28	0.36	0.32
Insulin (pmol/L)^a	864	95	787	69	715	99	688	77	0.52	0.57
C-peptide (nmol/L)^b,c	4.33	0.31	4.14	0.24	3.47	0.24	3.35	0.17	0.37	0.87
HOMA-IS index^a,d	0.408	0.105	0.356	0.041	0.606	0.172	0.496	0.071	0.55	0.68
Cederholm index^a	20.9	1.1	22.6	0.9^e	24.6	1.5	23.1	1.2	0.18	0.03
NEFA suppression rate (%)	73.3	2.0	74.1	2.3	70.5	2.1	75.1	2.0	0.06	0.18

SEM, standard error of the mean; HOMA-IS index, homeostasis model assessment for insulin sensitivity index; NEFA, nonesterified fatty acids.
Time and sex-by-time interaction effects on dependent variables were assessed by using MIXED procedures for repeated measurements followed by Tukey-Kramer tests.
^aAnalysis was performed on transformed values.
^bDifferences between men and women were observed with Student’s -test before the controlled MedDiet phase; for the incremental peak of glucose and for the incremental peak of C-peptide. For these variables, statistical analyses were adjusted for values before the controlled MedDiet phase.
^cFor women, for the incremental peak of C-peptide due to a missing value.
^dResults about HOMA-IS have been reported in a previous publication [11].
^eA significant decrease was observed for the Cederholm index in men, .