Research Article

Nuts Improve Diet Quality Compared to Other Energy-Dense Snacks While Maintaining Body Weight

Table 5

Changes in appetite indices before and after consuming study snacks during the intervention.

VariableBefore consumption
mean (SD)
Change in hazelnut
mean (SE)
Change in chocolate
mean (SE)
Change in potato crisp
mean (SE)
Overall P value*

(n = 89)(n = 32)(n = 31)(n = 26)
Hunger (mm)56.33 (19.66)−25.67 (5.16)−13.37 (5.10)−19.10 (3.34)0.384
Desire to eat (mm)59.39 (20.64)−25.33 (4.68)−22.05 (4.72)−20.66 (3.10)0.874
Prospective consumption (mm)50.64 (17.89)−17.81 (3.76)−12.31 (3.97)−12.50 (2.52)0.921
Fullness (mm)41.96 (17.68)17.99 (4.91)10.59 (4.20)10.74 (3.33)0.631
Preoccupation with thoughts of food (mm)51.80 (19.20)−22.49 (4.25)−15.57 (4.58)−18.61 (3.29)0.760

*Overall P  values adjust for baseline value, sex, baseline age, and baseline BMI.