Nuts Improve Diet Quality Compared to Other Energy-Dense Snacks While Maintaining Body Weight
Table 3
Anthropometric measurements, resting metabolic rate and physical activity level at baseline and changes in these measurements from baseline to Week 12 for each group.
Variable
Baseline mean (SD)
Change in hazelnut mean (SE)
Change in chocolate mean (SE)
Change in control mean (SE)
Change in potato crisp mean (SE)
Overall P value*
Anthropometry
(n = 118)
(n = 32)
(n = 29)
(n = 27)
(n = 25)
Body weightΥ
69.55 (11.37)
0.83 (0.23)
0.59 (0.43)
0.46 (0.26)
0.50 (0.31)
0.655
BMI (kg/m2)
23.76 (2.99)
0.28 (0.08)
0.21 (0.14)
0.14 (0.08)
0.15 (0.11)
0.725
Fat mass (kg)∞
18.77 (7.92)
−0.23 (0.28)
−0.42 (0.35)
−0.29 (0.27)
−0.53 (0.30)
0.889
Body fat (%)∞
26.89 (10.17)
−0.75 (0.32)
−1.23 (0.39)
−0.84 (0.33)
−1.09 (0.35)
0.713
Waist fat (%)∞
29.62 (11.08)
1.51 (0.52)
0.86 (0.64)
0.67 (0.54)
0.76 (0.69)
0.800
Waist circumference (cm)
80.74 (9.45)
2.13 (0.89)
1.30 (0.64)
1.36 (0.62)
−0.53 (0.71)
0.106
RMR
(n = 52)
(n = 14)
(n = 12)
(n = 13)
(n = 10)
RMR (kcal/day)
1489.29 (275.82)
−56.86 (58.40)
−69.92 (89.94)
−79.62 (38.39)
11.70 (69.37)
0.922
RQ∧
0.86 (1.08)
1.01 (1.02)
1.03 (1.04)
1.00 (1.02)
1.01 (1.02)
0.876
PA level
(n = 114)
(n = 29)
(n = 29)
(n = 28)
(n = 22)
No. of steps/day
9215 (3691)
152 (515)
−260 (685)
−1205 (576)
190 (481)
0.217
Duration (mins)∧
28 (16)
9 (10)
9 (10)
8 (10)
9 (10)
0.668
BMI: body mass index; RMR: resting metabolic rate; RQ: respiratory quotient; PA: physical activity; no.: number.
*Overall P-values adjust for baseline value, sex, baseline age, and baseline BMI. ∧Geometric mean, accompanied by ratio of geometric mean. ΥBody weight was measured with the use of bioelectrical impedance analyser. ∞Fat mass, percent body fat and waist fat were measured with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
