Research Article
Nuts Improve Diet Quality Compared to Other Energy-Dense Snacks While Maintaining Body Weight
Table 2
Energy and nutrient intake at baseline and changes in intakes from baseline to week 12 for each group.
| | Variable | Baseline (n = 113)
mean (SD) | Change in hazelnut (n = 29)
mean (SE) | Change in chocolate (n = 26)
mean (SE) | Change in control (n = 25)
mean (SE) | Change in potato crisp (n = 23)
mean (SE) | Overall P value* |
| | Energy (kJ)∧ | 8669.81 (1.35) | 1.06 (1.06) | 0.98 (1.05) | 0.96 (1.05) | 1.07 (1.04) | 0.721 | | Total fat (g) | 80.12 (27.95) | 22.52 (5.61) | 4.85 (7.40) | −2.87 (6.90) | 3.74 (3.60) | 0.077 | | % of TE | 32.56 (6.69) | 6.36 (1.00) | 1.27 (1.32) | −0.10 (1.46) | −0.35 (1.28) | < 0.001 | | SAFA (g) | 31.68 (12.27) | 1.38 (2.39) | 4.29 (3.85) | 1.58 (2.85) | 1.72 (1.93) | 0.620 | | % of TE | 12.83 (3.27) | −0.37 (0.65) | 1.63 (0.90) | 0.89 (0.66) | 0.01 (0.75) | 0.005 | | MUFA (g)∧ | 24.72 (1.90) | 1.67 (1.07) | 1.01 (1.08) | 0.95 (1.08) | 1.09 (1.06) | < 0.001 | | % of TE | 11.22 (3.14) | 5.86 (0.54) | 0.38 (0.61) | −0.34 (0.60) | −0.01 (0.60) | < 0.001 | | PUFA (g)∧ | 10.98 (1.71) | 1.23 (1.08) | 0.90 (1.09) | 0.89 (1.08) | 1.09 (1.07) | 0.024 | | % of TE∧ | 4.68 (1.48) | 1.16 (1.06) | 0.90 (1.08) | 0.92 (1.06) | 1.03 (1.07) | 0.012 | | Protein (g)∧ | 82.22 (1.43) | 1.04 (1.07) | 0.93 (1.06) | 1.01 (1.07) | 1.04 (1.06) | 0.482 | | % of TE | 16.49 (3.44) | −0.41 (0.56) | −0.99 (0.70) | 0.59 (0.80) | −0.26 (0.86) | 0.537 | | CHO (g)∧ | 252.16 (1.37) | 0.93 (1.06) | 0.97 (1.05) | 0.96 (1.06) | 1.08 (1.04) | 0.509 | | % of TE∧ | 46.54 (1.17) | 0.89 (1.03) | 0.98 (1.03) | 1.00 (1.03) | 1.01 (1.02) | 0.002 | | Dietary fibre (g)∧ | 24.69 (1.46) | 0.98 (1.08) | 0.90 (1.06) | 1.02 (1.07) | 0.95 (1.05) | 0.276 | | Cholesterol (mg) | 253.04 (127.85) | 45.38 (26.53) | −4.88 (36.35) | −23.62 (31.81) | 16.52 (45.73) | 0.794 | | Sodium (mg)∧ | 2497.37 (1.46) | 1.00 (1.11) | 1.00 (1.07) | 1.12 (1.11) | 1.11 (1.08) | 0.672 | | Vitamin E (mg)∧ | 9.13 (1.51) | 1.60 (1.07) | 0.90 (1.06) | 0.94 (1.09) | 1.30 (1.07) | < 0.001 |
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TE: total energy; SAFA: saturated fatty acids; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; CHO: carbohydrate.
*Overall P-values adjust for baseline value, sex, baseline age, and baseline BMI.
∧Geometric mean, accompanied by ratio of geometric mean.
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