Perovskite-Based Solar Cells: Materials, Methods, and Future Perspectives

Table 2

A comparison of the common fabrication techniques.

Method	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages
One-step solution deposition	A solution containing the organic and inorganic components is spin-coated on a substrate followed by annealing to form perovskite	Cost-effective, straightforward to implement	Poor film quality leads to limited efficiency, choice of a solvent that can simultaneously dissolve both components is limited
Two-step solution-based processing	A solution of the inorganic component is spin-coated on a substrate, subsequent spin-coating (or immersing) of a solution containing the organic component followed by annealing	Better photovoltaic performance compared to one-step methods	Less control over film thickness as compared to vacuum processes
Dual-source vapour deposition	The organic and inorganic components are coevaporated and then annealed to give perovskite	Better film uniformity, as compared to solution processes leading to better efficiencies	Vacuum process leads to high energy requirements, and it is difficult in simultaneously controlling the deposition rates of both components
Sequential vapour deposition	A bilayer film of the inorganic and organic components is prepared by sequential deposition, followed by thermal annealing to give perovskite	Eliminates problems of one-step codeposition	Vacuum process, which leads to high energy requirements, higher costs, limiting mass production
Vapour assisted solution process	First, an inorganic component is deposited by spin-coating and then is exposed to the vapour of the organic component at an elevated temperature	Combination of vapour and solution-based processes gives better film quality	Vacuum process leads to high energy requirements