Socioeconomic Determinants of Mangrove Exploitation and Seagrass Degradation in Zanzibar: Implications for Sustainable Development

Table 1

Socioeconomic characteristics of households in the study sites (n = 60).

Particulars	Category	Charawe (%)	Kibele (%)	Average (%)
Gender of household head	Males	67	83	75
	Females	33	17	25
Marital status	Married	82	57	70
	Divorced	12	25	19
	Widowed	6	18	12
Age	5-25 (years)	12	6	9
	26-30 (years)	50	70	60
	31- 45 (years)	85	90	88
	46-50 (years)	30	50	40
	51-60 (years)	25	30	28
	>61 (years)	3	4	4
Education	No education	23	13	18
	Informal education	13	16	15
	Incomplete primary	17	26	21
	Complete primary	30	40	35
	Incomplete secondary	14	40	27
	Complete secondary	10	2	6
	Tertiary level	16	6	11
Occupation	Civil servants	13	10	12
	Small businesses	13	20	17
	Farming	4	17	10
	Mangrove harvesting	64	0	32
	Fishing	6	17	11
	Seaweed farming	55	40	48
	Casual labor	0	17	8
	Gleaning	50	60	55
	Bait collection	70	60	65
Household size	4-6 persons	30	23	26
	7-9 persons	47	45	46
	10-12 persons	23	32	28
Monthly income	< 232USD	33	33	33
	(232- 465) USD	53	50	52
	> 2,325 USD	17	13	15