Phylogeography of the Pacific Blueline Surgeonfish, Acanthurus nigroris, Reveals High Genetic Connectivity and a Cryptic Endemic Species in the Hawaiian Archipelago

Table 4

Strength and direction of gene flow for Acanthurus nigroris: (1) between the MHI (𝑁=92 individuals), NWHI (𝑁=278 individuals), and Johnston Atoll (𝑁=34 individuals), (2) among all remaining Pacific populations (𝑁=98), and (3) between Hawaiian and Pacific populations by pooling all sampled individuals (Hawaii, 𝑁=445; Pacific, 𝑁=99). Values are reported as the mean effective number of migrants (𝑁𝑚) per generation taken from ten independent runs.

	Number of immigrants per generation into receiving population
	Comparison	2.5% percentile	Mean	97.5% percentile
Among regions; (Hawaii versus Pacific)	Hawaii into Pacific	0	0.71	3.19
	Pacific into Hawaii	0	0.34	1.63
Among populationsa; (within Hawaii)	MHI into NWHI	0	35.19	162.00
	NWHI into MHI	0	22.99	132.00
	MHI into JOH	0	3.69	26.04
	JOH into MHI	4.79	62.11	197.00
	NWHI into JOH	0	3.22	24.65
	JOH into NWHI	3.83	62.56	190.00
Among populationsa; (within Pacific)	AS into LI	0	11.94	54.80
	AS into MI	0	20.87	63.20
	AS into SI	0	22.91	66.00
	LI into AS	0	13.76	54.40
	MI into AS	0	7.14	37.60
	SI into AS	0	10.58	50.40
	LI into MI	0	16.17	53.60
	LI into SI	0	18.33	56.80
	MI into LI	0	6.40	35.60
	SI into LI	0	8.38	48.40
	MI into SI	0	9.18	39.60
	SI into MI	0	14.62	53.20

AS: American Samoa; JOH: Johnston Atoll; LI: Line Islands; MHI: Main Hawaiian Islands; MI: Marshall Islands; NWHI: Northwest Hawaiian Islands; SI: Society Islands.
aSamples from Necker Island (𝑁=3), Lanai (𝑁=1), and the Tokelau Islands (𝑁=1) were omitted from these analyses.