Dysregulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and tumors. Exogenous antigens initiate the activation of innate immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells that can release cytokines, exosomes, specific antigenic peptides, and upregulate the expression of immune molecules on innate immune cells, which further activate adaptive immune cells such as CD4 T and CD8 T cells. This activation can also positively or negatively regulate innate immune responses to improve or aggravate the development of human diseases. The interaction of innate and adaptive immune responses is involved in immune homeostasis, which impacts the outcome of human diseases. As such, immune disorders can easily lead to the occurrence and development of human diseases. Some specific molecules from innate and/or adaptive immune cells could be considered as novel targets for the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases.

However, most of the mechanisms in human diseases remain unclear and imprecise, which are involved in autophagy, exhaustion, differentiation, and apoptosis of immune cells. Therefore, knowledge of the interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells could contribute to clinical benefits for human diseases.

In this Special Issue, we invite researchers to contribute original research articles as well as review articles to discuss new insights and challenges in the interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells in human diseases.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• • Mechanisms of activation and differentiation of adaptive immune cells, including CD4 T or CD8 T cell subsets
• • Mechanisms of activation and differentiation of innate immune cells, including DCs and NK cells.
• • Mechanisms of innate and adaptive immune cells in apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and exhaustion in human diseases.
• • Interaction of immune molecules with innate and adaptive immune cells in human diseases.
• • Epigenetic regulation of function in innate and adaptive immune cells.
• • The role of novel targets for the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases.