Cancer is a serious global health concern. Most cancers/malignancies are a result of genetic mutations and most often affect the elderly. However, some malignancies occur at a higher frequency in younger individuals who have HIV-induced immunosuppression. These malignancies tend to increase in frequency when an HIV-infected individual progresses to AIDS and have even been classified as AIDS-defining malignancies. It is therefore clear that HIV-associated malignancies have an underlying immune dysregulation as a major predisposing factor.

Anti-retroviral therapy-induced immune reconstitution is sometimes sufficient in treatment of AIDS-defining malignancies. However, outcomes of such treatment may vary depending on the level of the underlying immune dysregulation. Targeted immune therapies and immunological markers of treatment outcomes are an important area of focus in individuals with HIV-associated malignancies.

This Special Issue is focused on immunological markers that may predict disease severity, that may be a potential target of treatment, and/or may predict treatment outcomes in HIV-associated malignancies. Original research and review articles are welcome.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Immune dysregulation underlying HIV-associated malignancies
• Immunological markers that may predict disease severity in HIV-associated malignancies
• Targets for immunological therapy in HIV-associated malignancies
• Immunological factors associated with treatment outcomes for HIV-associated malignancies
• Immunological factors predisposing the development and progression of HIV-associated malignancies