Role of Serum Amyloid A as a Biomarker for Predicting the Severity and Prognosis of COVID-19
Table 2
Analysis and comparison of various inflammatory and biochemical markers of all COVID-19 patients at time of admission.
Laboratory parameters
Moderate/severe group ()
Critically ill group ()
value
value
Survivor group ()
Nonsurvivor group ()
value
value
Leukocyte count (109/L)
5.95 (4.625–7.8025)
8.68 (5.225–11.5125)
-2.088
0.037
6.6 (4.675–9.295)
8.455 (5.53–11.12)
-0.966
0.334
Neutrophil count (109/L)
4.38 (3.03–5.6425)
7.3 (3.775–10.05)
-2.525
0.012
4.5 (3.16–7.53)
7.365 (4.18–9.25)
-1.408
0.159
Lymphocyte count (109/L)
0.91 (0.715–1.1225)
0.75 (0.6375–0.991)
-1.34
0.18
0.9 (0.7–1.1)
0.665 (0.52–1.1)
-1.659
0.097
Monocyte count (109/L)
0.41 (0.1875–0.6)
0.385 (0.23–0.7975)
-0.165
0.869
0.41 (0.26–0.6325)
0.29 (0.2–0.972)
-0.375
0.708
Eosinophil count (109/L)
0.03 (0.0025–0.0475)
0.0005 (0–0.01)
-2.725
0.006
0.02 (0.–0.04)
0 (0–0.01)
-2.379
0.017
Platelet count (109/L)
193 (145.25–252.25)
220 (170.5–300.5)
-0.893
0.372
210 (154.25–305)
200 (171.25–255)
-0.239
0.811
SAA (mg/L)
452.5 (105.525–950.5)
411.5 (170.75–970.25)
-0.534
0.593
452.5 (132.75–953.5)
382 (210.75–891)
-0.034
0.973
CRP (mg/L)
104 (72.3–139.5)
107.45 (58.93–171.25)
-0.33
0.741
116 (76.9–150)
96 (57.175–166)
-0.363
0.716
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/h)
44 (29.75–70.75)
48 (39.5–52)
-0.085
0.932
43 (34.5–68.25)
51 (49–72.5)
-0.753
0.451
Haemoglobin (g/L)
0.175
0.862
0.23
0.821
Prothrombin time (s)
1.104
0.276
1.496
0.149
Activated partial thromboplastin time (s)
0.523
0.603
0.583
0.568
D-dimer (mg/L)
0.603 (0.48–1.81)
2.175 (1.05–8.8725)
-2.903
0.004
1 (0.5–2.5)
4.65 (1.8425–31.5125)
-2.665
0.008
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)
14.64 (10.325–18.475)
27.275 (14.403–53.125)
-2.845
0.004
15 (11.23–23.73)
37.1 (27.2–75.1)
-3.862
<0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL)
0.945 (0.71–1.2275)
1.49 (0.99825–2.065)
-2.913
0.004
1.005 (0.7175–1.3625)
1.55 (1.445–1.8625)
-3.022
0.003
Uric acid (mg/dL)
4.65 (3.875–6.85)
6.5 (4.6625, 8.05)
-2.142
0.032
4.75 (3.9–6.95)
7.35 (5.625–8.15)
-2.37
0.018
Albumin (g/L)
-1.102
0.276
3.1321
-0.687
0.5
Total protein (g/L)
0.297
0.769
6.5362
6.3975
0.505
0.624
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)
59.035 (31.5–76.75)
51.95 (38.25–70.5)
-0.114
0.909
59.035 (32-84.7)
51.95 (44–59.25)
-0.393
0.694
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)
40 (25–66)
36 (21–82.75)
-0.26
0.794
34 (22.565–68)
42.5 (18–92.5)
-0.174
0.862
Total bilirubin
0.5 (0.39–0.675)
0.4765 (0.3–0.7225)
-0.439
0.661
0.5 (0.3275–0.6675)
0.5 (0.325–0.95)
-0.627
0.531
Creatine kinase (U/L)
95 (43–212)
307 (121.25–699)
-2.831
0.005
146 (51.5–314)
307 (179.5–804.5)
-2.041
0.041
LDH (U/L)
413 (322–554)
489 (409–857)
-1.791
0.073
454 (383.5–566)
448 (363–876)
-0.314
0.753
Glucose (mg/dL)
123.15 (100.75–183.25)
198 (130.5–305)
-2.59
0.01
132 (103.75–201)
224 (162–420)
-2.396
0.017
CK-MB
0.39 (0.09–0.68)
0.885 (0.415–2.1175)
-2.215
0.027
0.41 (0.1425–0.82)
0.95 (0.95–0.95)
-1.023
0.307
Ferritin
936.5 (296.5–1737.5)
439.5 (145.75–686)
-0.961
0.337
439.5 (318–1625.5)
412.5 (145.25–700)
-1.019
0.308
Fibrinogen (g/L)
5.395 (4.26–5.975)
5.4 (4.31–6.4)
-0.135
0.893
5.73 (4.75–6.5)
5 (2.33–6.4)
-1.214
0.225
SAA: serum amyloid A; CRP: C-reactive protein; CK-MB: creatine kinase-MB; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase. Data are expressed as , median (25 to 75% percentile), value < 0.05 is significant.
