Role of Serum Amyloid A as a Biomarker for Predicting the Severity and Prognosis of COVID-19

Table 1

Clinical characteristics of the studied patient groups upon admission and their follow-up chest X-rays.

Variables	Moderate/severe group ()	Critically ill group ()	value	value	Survivor group ()	Nonsurvivor group ()	value	value
Age (years)	55 (44.3–68.3)	58.5 (46.7–68.5)	-0.262	0.79	54 (41.8–65)	69 (55.8–79.75)	-2.773	0.006
Male/female	14/10	18/8	0.643	0.42	23/15	9/3	0.829^a	0.362
Respiratory rate (bpm)			0.888	0.38			1.581	0.122
Systolic pressure (mmHg)			-0.654	0.51			0.184	0.857
Diastolic pressure (mmHg)			0.475	0.63			1.053	0.306
SpO2 (%)			2.274	0.03			1.453	0.173
Body temperature (°C)			-0.203	0.84			1.042	0.31
Clinical manifestation(%)
Fever	13 (54.2)	8 (32.0)	2.457^a	.117	18 (48.6)	3 (25)	2.069^a	0.150
Cough	15 (62.5)	16 (61.0)	0.411^a	.624	18 (48.6)	3 (25)	2.069^a	0.150
Dizziness and headache	7 (29.2)	5 (19.2)	0.556^a	.456	9 (24.3)	3 (25)	0.002^a	0.962
Muscle soreness	7 (29.2)	8 (30.7)	5.677^a	.217	7 (18.9)	1 (8.3)	0.743a	0.389
Shortness of breath	20 (83.3)	20 (76.9)	0.321^a	.571	30 (78.9)	10 (83.3)	0.110^a	0.741
Fatigue	3 (12.5)	2 (8.0)	.271^a	.603	4 (10.8)	1 (8.3)	0.061^a	0.805
Chest tightness	5 (20.8)	2 (8.0)	1.647^a	.199	5 (13.5)	2 (16.7)	0.074^a	0.786
Diarrhoea	5 (20.8)	5 (19.2)	.020^a	.887	7 (18.9)	3 (25)	0.247^a	0.619
Comorbidity(%)
Diabetes	8 (33.3)	13 (52.0)	1.742^a	.990	14 (37.8%)	7 (58.3%)	1.554^a	0.213
Hypertension	11 (47.8)	12 (48.0)	.000^a	.966	16 (44.4%)	7 (58.3%)	.696^a	0.404
COPD	2 (8.3)	2 (8.0)	.002^a	.672	3 (8.1%)	1 (8.3%)	.001^a	0.98
Cerebrovascular disease	2 (8.3)	3 (12)	.180^a	.672	2 (5.4%)	3 (25.0%)	3.797^a	0.05
X-ray evaluation and classification:
DAY 1 abnormal	18 (75)	23 (88)	2.641^a	.450	31 (86.1)	10 (83.3)	2.341a	0.505
DAY 3
Deteriorated	0 (0.0)	9 (60)	7.200^a	.027	4 (50.0)	5 (41.7%)	0.741a	0.690
Improved	1 (20)	0 (0.0)			0 (0.0)	1 (8.3)
Stable	4 (80)	6 (40)			4 (50.0)	6 (50.0)
DAY 5
Deteriorated	0 (0.0)	13 (65)	10.807^a	.013	4 (21.1)	9 (90.0)	12.719a	0.005
Improved	2 (22)	1 (5.0)			3 (15.8)	0 (0.0)
Stable	6 (66.7)	5 (25.0)			10 (52.6)	1 (10.0)
DAY 7
Deteriorated	0 (0.0)	14 (66.7)	6.151a	.046	5 (33.3)	9 (90.0)	8.135a	0.017
Improved	2 (50.0)	3 (14.3)			5 (33.3)	0 (0.0)
Stable	2 (50.0)	4 (19)			5 (33.3)	1 (10.0)