Innate Lymphoid Cells: Regulators of Gut Barrier Function and Immune Homeostasis

Figure 3

Illustration of interactions of macrophages and different ILCs. (a) TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-15 released from ILC1 stimulate macrophage differentiating into cytotoxic macrophage and inhibit differentiation into M2 macrophage differentiation. (b) After being stimulated by IL-25 and IL-33, ILC2 promotes the transformation of M2 macrophage from M0 macrophage. (c) The crosstalk of ILC3 and macrophage is mainly induced by GM-CSF and IL-1β. ILC: innate lymphoid cell; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; IL: interleukin; M0: M0 macrophage; M2: M2 macrophage; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor.