Food-Grade Saponin Extract as an Emulsifier and Immunostimulant in Emulsion-Based Subunit Vaccine for Pigs

Table 1

Physical characteristics of fresh emulsion adjuvants and after 180-day storage at different temperatures.

Emulsion		Mean droplet size ± S.D., nm	Polydispersity ± S.D.	Zeta potential ± S.D., mV	pH
OWq	Fresh	203.40 ± 1.83	0.115 ± 0.008	−51.7 ± 0.2	7.1
	180 days at 4°C	272.50 ± 4.86	0.117 ± 0.025	−53.2 ± 0.7	6.2
	180 days at RT	266.57 ± 5.73	0.054 ± 0.035	−58.0 ± 3.1	7.1
	180 days at 37°C	277.80 ± 4.98	0.142 ± 0.022	−56.0 ± 3.9	6.3
OBA in PBS	Fresh	327.40 ± 4.59	0.270 ± 0.004	−25.0 ± 3.7	7.3
	180 days at 4°C	310.37 ± 2.29	0.193 ± 0.005	−12.4 ± 0.2	7.2
	180 days at RT	217.97 ± 1.85	0.147 ± 0.010	−6.8 ± 0.4	7.2
	180 days at 37°C	367.37 ± 0.51	0.242 ± 0.012	−11.5 ± 0.2	7.2

RT: room temperature; SD: standard deviation.