Food-Grade Saponin Extract as an Emulsifier and Immunostimulant in Emulsion-Based Subunit Vaccine for Pigs

Figure 1

General structure of the saponin molecule reveals the presence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions responsible for surface activity of the molecule, while carbohydrate regions, acyl domain, and aldehyde group on triterpene domain demonstrate adjuvant properties. The structure representation is adapted from Yang et al. [14].