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| Different antigen types, descriptions, and examples |
| Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) |
| Low levels of expression on normal host cells |
| Disproportionately expressed on tumor cells |
| Often result from genetic amplification or posttranslational modifications |
| Example: CD19 on B cell malignancies |
| Cancer germline antigens (CGAs)/cancer testis antigens (CTA) |
| Absent on the normal adult cells, except in reproductive tissues such as testes, fetal ovaries, and trophoblast |
| Selectively expressed by various tumor types by epigenetic dysregulation |
| Example: NY-ESO-1 in various tumors |
| Virus-associated antigens |
| Arise in cancer cells from oncogenic viral proteins |
| Viral oncoproteins integrate into host cell genome, causing cell transformation and tumorigenesis |
| Carried by virally associated malignancies |
| Example: HPV E6/E7 oncoproteins |
| Tumor-specific antigens (TSAs)/neoantigens |
| Arise in cancer cells from nonsynonymous somatic mutations that result in the formation of new peptide sequences during tumorigenesis |
| Completely absent from normal host cells |
| Example: individual KRAS G12D somatic mutation |
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