Review Article

Recent Development and Clinical Application of Cancer Vaccine: Targeting Neoantigens

Figure 2

The designing strategies and immunology of personalized neoantigen cancer vaccine. (I–III) The tumor neoantigens of an individual are identified using the whole exome sequencing, and the personalized neoantigen cancer vaccine is introduced. (1) The APCs uptake the neoantigen peptides in the vaccination sites and then migrate to the lymph nodes. (2) The activated APCs present the neoantigens by MHC class I or MHC class II molecules to T cells. (3) The neoantigen-specific TCR recognizes the specific neoantigen presented by the MHC molecules of APCs. (4) The neoantigen-specific CD4+ helper or CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are activated and clonally expanded and then migrate to the tumor microenvironment. (5) The tumor cells are killed directly by neoantigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, leading to the release of more of tumor neoantigens. APC: antigen-presenting cell; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; TCR: T cell receptor.