Defensive Driving: Directing HIV-1 Vaccine-Induced Humoral Immunity to the Mucosa with Chemokine Adjuvants

Table 1

HIV-1 vaccine studies using chemokine adjuvants. Italicized adjuvants are not discussed in this review.

Study (ref)	Antigen	Platform	Chemokine adjuvants	Target cells	Results
Kathuria et al. [103]	HIV gag and also influenza HA	DNA vaccine	CCL25	CTLs and CD4^+ T cells	Increased IFNγ^+ T cells in the spleen and MLN. Increased IgA^+ ASCs in PPs and increased HIV-specific IgA in serum.
Hu et al. [105]	HIV gp140 (env)	DNA vaccine	CCL19, CCL28, and also APRIL		Enhanced HIV-specific serum and vaginal IgA. Neutralizing IgA in vaginal wash and increased CCR10^+ B cells in MLNs.
Tregoning et al. [106]	HIV gp140 (env and trimeric)	Protein	CCL28 and also TLR4L		No increase in HIV-specific IgA in vaginal wash.
Kutzler et al. [107]	SIV gag, pol, env, and nef-rev	DNA vaccine	CCL25, CCL27, and CCL28		Increased HIV-specific IgG and IgA in serum and vaginal wash. Highest protection from SIV challenge (CCR10L group).
Song et al. [104]	HIV gag	DNA vaccine	CCL3, CCL19, and CCL20	CTLs and macrophages	Increased Mφ recruitment and CTL activity.