Dysregulated Functions of Lung Macrophage Populations in COPD

Table 1

Molecules differentially expressed by AMs from animals or patients with COPD compared to healthy controls.

Molecule family	Encoded proteins	References
Cytokines	TNF-α ↓, IL-1B ↑↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-10 ↓, IL-12 ↑, Tnf-α ↓, Il-6 ↓	[126, 145, 147, 148, 150–152]
Chemokines	IL-8 ↓, CCL2 ↑, CCL5 ↓, CCL7 ↑, CCL13 ↑, CCL22 ↑, Cxcl10 ↓, CXCL9 ↓, CXCL10 ↓, CXCL11 ↓	[126, 145, 147–149, 151–154, 158, 165]
Chemokine receptors	CCR2 ↑, CCR5 ↑	[153, 154]
Prostaglandin metabolism	PTGS1 ↑, PTGS2 ↑	[156]
Oxidative stress	GSH ↓, Gsh ↓, iNOS ↑, HO-1 ↓	[147, 150, 155, 165, 167]
Iron metabolism	Hemosiderin ↑, transferrin ↑, transferrin receptor ↓, ferritin ↑	[172–175, 219]
Proteinases	MMP-1 ↑, MMP-2 ↑, MMP-7 ↑, MMP-9 ↑ (SNPs), MMP-12 ↑, matriptase ↑	[154, 188–194, 196]
Neutrophil proteases and inhibitors	α1-Antitrypsin	[185]
Chitinolytic activity	CHIT1 ↑, YKL-40 ↑	[199, 200]
Recognition markers	CD31 ↓, CD44 ↓, CD91 ↓, CR-3 ↑, CR-4 ↑, DC-SIGN ↑, MARCO ↓	[150, 219, 226]
Cytoskeletal rearrangements	RAC1 ↓, VAV1 ↓, RhoA ↑	[216, 229]
Mitochondrial stress	MCL-1 ↑	[230]
Integrins, scavenger receptors, and adhesion molecules	CD11a ↓, CD11c ↑, CD163 ↑, CD204 ↑, CD206 ↑, MSR-1 (SNPs), MERTK ↑	[220, 227, 234, 235]
Antigen presentation molecules	MHC-I ↓, MHC-II ↓, HLA-DR ↓, CD80 ↓	[150, 233]
Fc gamma receptors, PRRs	FcγR1 ↑, CD16 ↓, TLR2 ↓, TLR3 ↓, TLR4 ↓, TLR5 ↑, TLR9 (SNPs)	[126, 148, 150, 158, 165, 206, 233, 234, 236–238]